LEADER 01077nam a22002533i 4500 001 991000284489707536 005 20040805124113.0 008 040920s2003 it |||||||||||||||||ita 035 $ab13200185-39ule_inst 035 $aARCHE-114642$9ExL 040 $aSet. Economia$bita$cA.t.i. Arché s.c.r.l. Pandora Sicilia s.r.l. 082 04$a657.46 100 1 $aOneto, Carlo$021540 245 10$aContabilità semplificata :$bi soggetti forfetari e supersemplificati, il passaggio alla contabilità ordinaria, Irap e impianto contabile, gli effetti dell'euro /$cCarlo Oneto ; prefazione di Raffaele Rizzardi 250 $a4. ed. 260 $aMilano :$bIl sole-24 ore,$c2003 300 $a247 p. ;$c24 cm 650 4$aAziende$xTributi$xContabilità 907 $a.b13200185$b02-04-14$c23-09-04 912 $a991000284489707536 945 $aLE025 ECO 657.4 ONE01.01$g1$i2025000182226$lle025$nC. 1$o-$pE28.00$q-$rl$s- $t0$u6$v1$w6$x0$y.i13854379$z23-09-04 996 $aContabilità semplificata$9876596 997 $aUNISALENTO 998 $ale025$b23-09-04$cm$da $e-$fita$git $h0$i1 LEADER 09048nam 2200661 450 001 9910794229003321 005 20220526021847.0 010 $a1-4648-1460-0 024 7 $a10.1596/978-1-4648-1448-8 035 $a(CKB)4100000011632582 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6415977 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6415977 035 $a(OCoLC)1225547282 035 $a(The World Bank)21468856 035 $a(US-djbf)21468856 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000011632582 100 $a20220526d2020 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cn$2rdamedia 183 $anc$2rdacarrier 200 10$aGoing Viral $eCOVID-19 and the accelerated transformation of jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean /$fGuillermo Beylis [and 4 others] 210 1$aWashington, District of Columbia :$cWorld Bank Publications,$d[2020] 210 4$d©2020 215 $a1 online resource (pages cm) 225 1 $aWorld Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 1 $a1-4648-1448-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aFront Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Analyzing structural transformation -- Implications for economic policy -- Notes -- References -- 1 What is structural transformation? -- What drives structural transformation? -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 2 Productivity in the LAC region: A sectoral view -- Productivity in agriculture -- Productivity in industry and services -- Taking stock: The scope for raising allocative efficiency and the expected pace of structural change -- Conclusions and policy implications -- Notes -- References -- 3 Economic transformation, skills, and the future of work -- The labor market is already changing -- From production to services -- From skill-biased technological change to routine-biased technological change -- Labor market polarization in the developing world: Is it coming? -- Labor market polarization in the developing world: The evidence -- The changing demand for skills in the LAC region -- Conclusions -- Looking into the future: Automation, tasks, and skills -- Looking into the future: Digital platforms and the nature of work -- Conclusions and policy implications -- Notes -- References -- 4 Conclusions -- Structural transformation: Past and future -- Looking forward -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1?Measuring structural transformation -- Box 2.1?Does technological change benefit small and large farms equally? Evidence from Mexico -- Box 3.1?What are workers doing? -- Box 3.2?When automation creates jobs -- Figures -- Figure 1.1?Structural transformation by sector, selected LAC countries and rest of world -- Figure 1.2?Patterns of industrialization across LAC and high-income countries -- Figure 1.3?Value-added and employment shares by sector: Selected LAC countries, 1950-2010. 327 $aFigure 1.4?Absolute total level of employment by sector: Selected LAC countries, 1950-2010 -- Figure 1.5?Premature deindustrialization: LAC region (average), 1950-2010 -- Figure 1.6?Relative prices and real consumption per capita: LAC region (average), 1950-2010 -- Figure 1.7?Labor allocation in manufacturing: Selected LAC countries, 1950-2010 -- Figure 2.1?Output per worker by sector in LAC region relative to that of United States: Selected countries, 2010 -- Figure 2.2?Agricultural output and TFP growth: LAC region, 1981-2014 -- Figure 2.3?Correlation between output growth and TFP growth: LAC countries, 2001-14 -- Figure 2.4?Growth decomposition: Latin America by region and United States, 2005-14 -- Figure 2.5?Relationship between value added and employment in agriculture: Selected LAC countries, 2017 -- Figure 2.6?Sources of agricultural productivity growth -- Figure 2.7?Histogram of metatechnical efficiency, Peru, by region -- Figure 2.8?Effectiveness of growth in different sectors at reducing poverty -- Figure 2.9?Labor productivity growth in industrial and services sectors: Latin America and United States, 1950-2010 -- Figure 2.10?Labor productivity in services sector relative to industrial sector: Latin America and United States, 1950-2010 -- Figure 2.11?Services Trade Restrictions Index, selected LAC countries -- Figure 2.12?Logistics Performance Index and its components: 16 LAC countries, relative to best performer -- Figure 3.1?Development of goods and service occupations, LAC and rest of world -- Figure 3.2?Evolution of task content of jobs (mean change): 11 LAC countries, 2000-2014 -- Figure 3.3?Evolution of task content of jobs in industrial sector: 11 LAC countries, 2000-2014 -- Figure 3.4?Decomposition of task content in industrial sector: 11 LAC countries, 2000-2014. 327 $aFigure 3.5?Evolution of task content of jobs in services sector: 11 LAC countries, 2000-2014 -- Figure 3.6?Distribution of automatability across methodologies, Chile -- Figure 3.7?Distribution of automatability across methodologies, Colombia -- Figure 3.8?Distribution of automatability across methodologies, Bolivia -- Figure 3.9?Risk of automation by LAC country, based on four methodologies -- Figure 3.10?Automation risk by selected characteristics, LAC region -- Tables -- Table 2.1?Misallocation in manufacturing, selected developing and developed countries -- Table 3.1?Reallocation of occupations within sectors over development process. 330 3 $aFollowing the so-called "Golden Decade" (2003-2013) of rapid development and strong improvements in social indicators, economic growth has stalled in Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC). Today, the external environment no longer provides tailwinds to foster an economic rebound. Foreign direct investment has moderated, trade has slowed amid elevated tensions, financing conditions are tightening, and commodity prices are expected to remain flat in the short and medium term. The region therefore needs to find internal sources of growth and focus on a productivity-enhancing reform agenda. The report analyzes the structural transformation process in LAC and evaluates if the "premature de-industrialization" patterns observed in the data are a result of distortive policies or if they represent an efficient reallocation of resources responding to the underlying drivers of structural transformation. An important message of the report is that policy makers should not focus on sectoral size but rather on productivity growth. The emergence of new technologies--under the banner of the "Fourth Industrial Revolution"--suggests that opportunities for further industrialization or re-industrialization are likely to be limited in many developing countries. Looking forward, the region needs to develop a productivity agenda with a special focus on the services sector. Already the largest employer in the region with over 60 percent of the workforce, the services sector is expected to grow even further and play an increasingly crucial role as an input provider to the larger economy. In short, there is a need for a comprehensive set of service-sector oriented policies. The report concludes that three major economic forces are changing the nature of work and the demand for skills. First, the structural transformation process and the de-industrialization pattern observed for the economies in the region imply that future job growth will occur mainly in the services sector. Second, the shift in economic structure is being accompanied by a transformation of the occupational structure within broad economic sectors. The importance of service occupations-those that produce intangible value-added such as marketers, managers, designers--is increasing in all sectors of the economy. Third, as machines replace humans in carrying out simpler, more routine tasks, workers will have to adapt and perform a different set of tasks in the workplace. Adult learning and re-training may become more important as new automation technologies are adopted in LAC countries--$cProvided by publisher. 410 0$aWorld Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies. 606 $aLabor market$zLatin America 606 $aLabor market$zCaribbean Area 606 $aService industries$zLatin America 606 $aService industries$zCaribbean Area 607 $aLatin America$xEconomic conditions$y1982- 607 $aCaribbean Area$xEconomic conditions$y1945- 615 0$aLabor market 615 0$aLabor market 615 0$aService industries 615 0$aService industries 676 $a331.12098 700 $aBeylis$b Guillermo$01556757 702 $aFattal-Jaef$b Roberto 702 $aSinha$b Rishabh 702 $aMorris$b Michael L. 702 $aSebastian$b Ashwini Rekha 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910794229003321 996 $aGoing Viral$93819677 997 $aUNINA