LEADER 05206nam 2200553 450 001 996543169203316 005 20231110215857.0 010 $a3-11-068033-5 024 7 $a10.1515/9783110680331 035 $a(CKB)5590000000532548 035 $a(DE-B1597)537359 035 $a(DE-B1597)9783110680331 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6693335 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6693335 035 $a(EXLCZ)995590000000532548 100 $a20220419d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aOutsourcing african labor $ekru migratory workers in global ports, estates and battlefields until the end of the 19th century /$fJeffrey Gunn 210 1$aBoston, Massachusetts :$cDe Gruyter,$d[2021] 210 4$dİ2021 215 $a1 online resource (XVII, 258 p.) 225 0 $aAfrica in Global History ;$v4 311 $a3-11-068022-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tAcknowledgements -- $tContents -- $tList of Tables -- $tList of Figures -- $tForeword -- $tIntroduction: A Free Wage Labor African Diaspora -- $tChapter 1: Surfboats -- $tChapter 2: Freetown ? A Catalyst for Diaspora -- $tChapter 3: The Expansion of Kru Labor in the Royal Navy -- $tChapter 4: Kru Labor in Expeditions and Military Campaigns -- $tChapter 5: Kru Labor in the British Caribbean -- $tChapter 6: Growth in Diaspora and Decline in the Homeland -- $tConclusion: Kru Free Wage Laborers in Global History -- $tAppendix A: Muster Lists, 1819?20 -- $tAppendix B: Interviews -- $tGlossary of Kru Language Terms -- $tBibliography -- $tIndex 330 $aBy the late eighteenth century, the ever-increasing British need for local labour in West Africa based on malarial, climatic, and manpower concerns led to a willingness of the British and Kru (West African labourers from Liberia) to experiment with free wage labour contracts. The Kru?s familiarity with European trade on the Kru Coast (modern Liberia) from at least the sixteenth century played a fundamental role in their decision to expand their wage earning opportunities under contract with the British. The establishment of Freetown in 1792 enabled the Kru to engage in systematized work for British merchants, ship captains, and naval officers. Kru workers increased their migration to Freetown establishing what appears to be their first permanent labouring community beyond their homeland on the Kru Coast. Their community in Freetown known as Krutown provided a readily available labour pool and ensured their regular employment on board British commercial ships and Royal Navy vessels circumnavigating the Atlantic and beyond. In the process, the Kru established a network of Krutowns and community settlements in many Atlantic ports including Cape Coast, Fernando Po, Ascension Island, Cape of Good Hope, and in the British Caribbean in Demerara and Port of Spain. Outsourcing African Labour in the Nineteenth Century: Kru Migratory Workers in Global Ports, Estates and Battlefields structures the fragmented history of Kru workers into a coherent global framework. The migration of Kru workers in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, in commercial and military contexts represents a movement of free wage labour that transformed the Kru Coast into a homeland that nurtured diasporas and staffed a vast network of workplaces. As the Kru formed permanent and transient working communities around the Atlantic and in the British Caribbean, they underwent several phases of social, political, and economic innovation, which ultimately overcame a decline in employment in their homeland on the Kru Coast by the end of the nineteenth century by increasing employment in their diaspora. There were unique features of the Kru migrant labour force that characterized all phases of its expansion. The migration was virtually entirely male, and at a time when slavery was widespread and the slave trade was subjected to the abolition campaign of the British Navy, Kru workers were free with an expertise in manning seaborne craft and porterage. Kru carried letters from previous captains as testimonies of their reliability and work ethic or they worked under the supervision of experienced workers who effectively served as references for employment. They worked for contractual periods of between six months and five years for which they were paid wages. The Kru thereby stand out as an anomaly in the history of Atlantic trade when compared with the much larger diasporas of enslaved Africans. 410 0$aAfrica in Global History 606 $aMigrant labor$xHistory$zAfrica$y19th century 607 $aSierra Leone$2fast 607 $aWest Africa$2fast 608 $aHistory.$2fast 610 $aBritsh Empire. 610 $aFreetown. 610 $aKrutown. 610 $aTrade. 615 0$aMigrant labor$xHistory 676 $a331.626 700 $aGunn$b Jeff$01379859 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996543169203316 996 $aOutsourcing african labor$93420253 997 $aUNISA