LEADER 03132nam 2200493 450 001 996509964803316 005 20220628152637.0 010 $a3-8394-5246-5 024 3 $a9783839452462 035 $a(CKB)4100000012050139 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6742510 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6742510 035 $a(OCoLC)1273979916 035 $a(transcript Verlag)9783839452462 035 $a(DE-B1597)566294 035 $a(DE-B1597)9783839452462 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000012050139 100 $a20220628d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aImages on the move $emateriality - networks - formats. /$fedited by Olga Moskatova 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aBielefeld :$cTranscript Verlag,$d[2021] 210 4$d©2021 215 $a1 online resource (289 pages) 225 0 $aEdition Medienwissenschaft$v76 311 $a3-8376-5246-7 327 $aFrontmatter 1 Contents 5 1. Introduction: Trajectories of Images 7 2. Greetings from Chicago: Image Networks and Infrastructures of Postcard Production and Circulation 31 3. Techniques of Transmission: Wire Service Photography and the Digital Image 53 4. Calm Images: The Invisible Visual Culture of Digital Image Distribution 73 5. Unmoving Bodies: In-Flight Entertainment, Infrastructural Images and Cultural Techniques of Sitting 87 6. Cartes-de-Visite, Miniaturization and the Materiality of Circulation 109 7. Grainy Days and Mondays: Superstar and Bootleg Aesthetics 135 8. What Makes a Download a Stream? 155 9. What Moves? The Itineraries of Pre-Digital Photography 189 10. Moved by Rubens: The Double Logic of Image Perception in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1877-1977) 209 11. Follow the Films. Reuses of a Research Film: Biography, Recycling, Whitewashing, Appropriation and Palimpsesting 231 12. Extraterrestrial Images 259 List of Illustrations 279 Contributors 283 330 $aIn contemporary society, digital images have become increasingly mobile. They are networked, shared on social media, and circulated across small and portable screens. Accordingly, the discourses of spreadability and circulation have come to supersede the focus on production, indexicality, and manipulability, which had dominated early conceptions of digital photography and film. However, the mobility of images is neither technologically nor conceptually limited to the realm of the digital. The edited volume re-examines the historical, aesthetical, and theoretical relevance of image mobility. The contributors provide a materialist account of images on the move - ranging from wired photography to postcards to streaming media. 410 0$aEdition Medienwissenschaft 606 $aDigital media 615 0$aDigital media. 676 $a302.231 702 $aMoskatova$b Olga 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996509964803316 996 $aImages on the move$93008772 997 $aUNISA LEADER 12592nam 2200733 a 450 001 9910953882303321 005 20240516034638.0 010 $a90-272-4120-1 010 $a1-283-05128-1 010 $a9786613051288 010 $a90-272-8554-3 024 7 $a10.1075/sibil.14 035 $a(CKB)2670000000077062 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000545079 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11355022 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000545079 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10554465 035 $a(PQKB)10979149 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC670251 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL670251 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10454998 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL305128 035 $a(OCoLC)707924772 035 $a(DE-B1597)719744 035 $a(DE-B1597)9789027285546 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000077062 100 $a20110408d2001 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aTalking and testing $ediscourse approaches to the assessment of oral proficiency /$f[edited by] Richard Young, Agnes Weiyun He 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aAmsterdam ;$aPhiladelphia $cJ. Benjamins Pub. Co.$d2001 215 $aviii, 360 p. $cill 225 1 $aStudies in bilingualism,$x0928-1533 ;$vv. 14 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a1-55619-548-6 311 08$a1-58811-092-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aTalking and Testing -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Language Proficiency Interviews: A Discourse Approach -- 1 Introduction: Assessing Second Language Speaking Ability -- 2 Interactional Competence -- 3 Authenticity -- 3.1 LPIs as Interviews -- 3.2 LPIs as Institutional Discourse -- 3.3 LPIs as Cross-Cultural Encounters -- 4 Interdisciplinary Orientation -- 4.1 Conversation Analysis/Ethnomethodolögy -- 4.2 Ethnography of Speaking -- 4.3 Speech Acts and Gricean Pragmatics -- 5 Overview of the Book -- Notes -- References -- Part 1: Language Proficiency Interviews and Conversation -- Re-analyzing the OPI: How Much Does It Look like Natural Conversation? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Oral Proficiency Interview -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Structure of the Oral Proficiency Interview -- 2.3 Elicitation Techniques -- 2.4 Principles of the OPI Rating Procedures -- 3 Literature Review -- 3.1 Critical Analysis of the OPI -- 3.2 Typical Features of Everyday Conversation -- 4 Analysis -- 4.1 Data Description -- 4.2 Turn-Taking -- 4.2.1 Distribution and Content of Turns -- 4.2.2 Order of Turns -- 4.2.3 Length of Turns -- 4.2.4 Selection of Next Speaker -- 4.3 Adjacency Pairs -- 4.4 Topic Nomination -- 4.5 A Final Note on Assessment and Face -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Evaluating Learner Interactional Skills: Conversation at the Micro Level -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The LPI as a Data Source -- 3 Learner Conversation as a Data Source -- 4 Data Collection Procedures -- 5 Conversation Data Sample and Analysis -- 6 Discussion: Assessing Language-in-Conversation -- 7 The Oral Language Portfolio -- References -- What Happens When There's No One to Talk to? Spanish Foreign Language Discourse in Simulated Oral Proficiency Interviews -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Research Questions. 327 $a4 Methodology -- 4.1 The SOPI -- 4.2 The OPI -- 4.3 Testees -- 4.4 Data Collection and Analysis -- 5 Analysis of Results -- 5.1 General Comparison of the Two Contexts -- 5.2 Results by Task -- 5.3 Specific Categories of Discourse Features -- 5.3.1 Errors -- 5.3.2 Propositions and Supporting Statements -- 5.3.3 Range of Speech Acts -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix: OPI and SOPI Test Stimuli -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Part 2: Turns and Sequences in Language Proficiency Interviews -- Answering Questions in LPIs: A Case Study -- 1 LPI Interaction: Focusing on Questions and Answers -- 2 An Interactional Approach to Answers -- 3 Data and Methods -- 4 Problems in Answers -- 4.1 "Yeah " Exhibiting Not-understanding -- 4.2 Problematic Next Turn After the Question -- 4.2.1 Elicited Elaboration -- 4.2.2 Problematic Responses -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Framing the Language Proficiency Interview as a Speech Event: Native and Non-Native Speakers' Questions -- 1 Interviews and Conversation -- 2 Methods: Turns and Questions -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Distribution and Length of Turns -- 3.2 Question Frequency -- 3.3 Interviewees' Question Types -- 3.3.1 Information-seeking Questions in Context -- 3.3.2 Clarification Questions in Context -- 3.3.3 Information-checking Questions -- 3.4 Interviewer's Question Types -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Miscommunication in Language Proficiency Interviews of First-Year German Students: A Comparison with Natural Conversation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis -- 2.1 Sequential Structure of the LPIs -- 2.2 Instructions for Repair -- 2.3 Types of Other-Initiated Repair Used by Learners -- 2.3.1 Understanding-Checks and Partial Repeats -- 2.3.2 Interrogates and Partial Repeats with Question Words -- 2.3.3 Non-Specified Trouble. 327 $a2.4 Interviewer 's Response to Student-Initiated Repair -- 3 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Part 3: Knowledge and Communication in Language Proficiency Interviews -- Knowledge Structures in Oral Proficiency Interviews for International Teaching Assistants -- 1 Knowledge Structures -- 2 Systemic Functional Linguistics -- 3 The OPI -- 4 Knowledge Structure Analysis -- 4.1 Sequence as a Knowledge Structure -- 4.1.1 Schedule -- 4.1.2 Procedures -- 4.1.3 TA Talk -- 4.1.4 Interviewer's Interaction with TA -- 4.1.5 TA Talk -- 4.1.6 Interviewer's Interaction with TA -- 4.2 Principles as a Knowledge Structure -- 4.2.1 Rules -- 4.2.2 Cause-Effect Relations -- 4.2.3 TA Talk -- 4.2.4 Interviewer 's Interaction with TA -- 4.2.5 TA Talk -- 4.2.6 Interviewer's Interaction with TA -- 5 Conclusions -- 5.1 The OPI as Elicitation -- 5.2 The OPI as Interview -- Acknowledgment -- References -- The Use of Communication Strategies in Language Proficiency Interviews -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of Communication Strategies -- 3 A Taxonomy of Communication Strategies -- 3.1 Reduction Strategies -- 3.1.1 Topic Avoidance -- 3.1.2 Message Abandonment -- 3.1.3 Semantic Avoidance -- 3.2. Achievement Strategies -- 3.2.1 Approximation -- 3.2.2 Paraphrase -- 3.2.3 Restructuring -- 3.2.4 Interlingual Strategies -- 3.2.5 Cooperative Strategies -- 3.2.6 Non-linguistic Strategies and Multiple Strategy Use -- 3.3 Other Strategies -- 3.3.1 Repair Strategies -- 3.3.2 Telegraphic Strategies -- 3.3.3 Fillers -- 3.3.4 Change of Role -- 4 Communication Strategies and Proficiency -- 5 The Study -- 5.1 Methodology -- 5.1.1 Oral Proficiency Interview Test -- 5.1.2 Samples -- 5.2 Procedures -- 5.2.1 Identification Procedure -- 5.2.2 Classification Procedure -- 5.2.3 Classification of Communication Strategies -- 6 Results and Discussion. 327 $a6.1 Proficiency-Related Differences in the Use of Communication Strategies -- 6.1.1 Overall Frequency of Strategy Use -- 6.1.2 Percentages of Different Strategies -- 6.2 Methodological Implications -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Appendix 1. Transcription Conventions (adapted from van Lier 1988 and Maynard 1989) -- Appendix 2. List of Communication Strategies -- References -- Meaning Negotiation in the Hungarian Oral Proficiency Examination of English -- 1 Review of Previous Research -- 1.1 Communication Strategies -- 1.2 Foreigner Talk -- 2 Background to the Study -- 3 Method -- 3.1 Subjects -- 3.2 Materials -- 3.3 Procedure -- 3.4 Analyses -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Help-Requesting Strategies -- 4.2 Meaning-Evoking/Approximating Strategies -- 4.3 Survival Strategies -- 4.4 Non-negotiated Strategies -- 4.5 Descriptive Framework for the Analysis of Negotiated Communication -- 4.6 Discourse Moves and Acts -- 4.6.1 Initiation -- 4.6.2 First Response -- 4.6.3 First Follow-up -- 4.6.4 Second Response -- 4.6.5 Second Follow-up -- 4.7 Negotiation Sequences -- 4.7.1 The Helping Sequence -- 4.7.2 The Eliciting Sequence -- 4.7.3 The Clarifying Sequence -- 4.7.4 Frequency of Negotiation Sequences -- 4.7.5 Combination and Frequency of Sequence Types -- 4.8 Instances of Miscommunication -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- Transcription Notation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 4: Language Proficiency Interviewsas Cross-Cultural Encounters -- Maintaining American Face in the Korean Oral Exam: Reflections on the Power of Cross-Cultural Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data -- 3 Method -- 4 Analytic Perspective -- 5 The Oral Exam as Speech Event -- 5.1 Scene/Setting -- 5.2 Participants -- 5.3 Ends -- 5.4 Act Sequence -- 5.5 Key -- 5.6 Instrumentalities -- 5.6.1 Summary of Use of English by Participants -- 5.7 Norms -- 5.8 Genre. 327 $a6 The Oral Exam as an Emergent, Cross-Cultural Process -- 6.1 Frames, Laminations, and Footings -- 6.2 Code Switching as a Contextualization Cue -- 7 The Creation of Laminations in the Emergent Process -- 8 Attempts to Renegotiate Context -- 9 Face -- 9.1 The Dimensions of Face of an American Examinee -- 10 Footings, Aspects of Face, and the Co-construction of Situated Sociocultural Identities -- 11 Developing and Assessing Interactional Competence -- 12 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Confirmation Sequences as Interactional Resources in Korean Language Proficiency Interviews -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology and Data -- 3 Background -- 4 IR's Confirmation Request as Third-Turn Assessment -- 4.1 Question-Answer Sequences in the LPIs -- 4.2 NNS's Confirmation as a Collaborative Response -- 4.3 Confirmation Sequences as Constitutive Features of Asymmetry -- 4.4 Orientation to Asymmetry as Sociolinguistic Competence -- 5 NNS's Confirmation Request: Repair as Politeness Strategy -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Divergent Frame Interpretations in Language Proficiency Interview Interaction -- 1 Interviews -- 2 Minimalism in Interviews with Japanese -- 3 Self-Disclosure -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Let Them Eat Cake!" or How to Avoid Losing Your Head in Cross-Cultural Conversations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rich Points in Cross-Cultural Interviews -- 2.1 Topic Elaboration as a Rich Point in English Conversational Style -- 3 Culture and Conversational Style: Comparing Mexicans and Japanese -- 3.1 Organization of the Interview and Timing -- 3.2 Topical Structure Analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Topics. 330 $aThis book brings together a collection of current research on the assessment of oral proficiency in a second language. Fourteen chapters focus on the use of the language proficiency interview or LPI to assess oral proficiency. The volume addresses the central issue of validity in proficiency assessment: the ways in which the language proficiency interview is accomplished through discourse.Contributors draw on a variety of discourse perspectives, including the ethnography of speaking, conversation analysis, language socialization theory, sociolinguistic variation theory, human interaction research, and systemic functional linguistics. And for the first time, LPIs conducted in German, Korean, and Spanish are examined as well as interviews in English.This book sheds light on such important issues as how speaking ability can be defined independently of an LPI that is designed to assess it and the extent to which an LPI is an authentic representation of ordinary conversation in the target language. It will be of considerable interest to language testers, discourse analysts, second language acquisition researchers, foreign language specialists, and anyone concerned with proficiency issues in language teaching and testing. 410 0$aStudies in bilingualism ;$vv. 14. 606 $aLanguage and languages$xAbility testing 606 $aConversation$xAbility testing 606 $aOral communication$xAbility testing 615 0$aLanguage and languages$xAbility testing. 615 0$aConversation$xAbility testing. 615 0$aOral communication$xAbility testing. 676 $a418/.0076 701 $aYoung$b Richard$f1948-$01817199 701 $aHe$b Agnes Weiyun$01817200 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910953882303321 996 $aTalking and testing$94374719 997 $aUNINA