LEADER 07844nam 2200529 450 001 996503549203316 005 20230515131114.0 010 $a9783031157332$b(electronic bk.) 010 $z9783031157325 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC7165870 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL7165870 035 $a(CKB)25913878900041 035 $a(PPN)267816804 035 $a(EXLCZ)9925913878900041 100 $a20230422d2022 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aScale $eunderstanding the environment /$fCristian Suteanu 210 1$aCham, Switzerland :$cSpringer,$d[2022] 210 4$d©2022 215 $a1 online resource (329 pages) 311 08$aPrint version: Suteanu, Cristian Scale Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2023 9783031157325 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: The Meanings of Scale -- 1.1 Scale: Pervasive and Indispensable -- 1.2 A Daughter of Abstraction -- 1.3 The Scale's Fields of Operation -- 1.4 Types of Scale -- 1.4.1 Grouping the Scales -- 1.4.2 Scale as Size -- 1.4.3 Scale as Ratio -- 1.4.4 Scale as Rank -- 1.5 Understanding Scale -- References -- Chapter 2: Scale as Size in Space -- 2.1 Setting the Stage: The System Image -- 2.2 Scale as Size: Comparison and Change -- 2.2.1 Comparing Sizes -- 2.2.2 Size Versus Distance Change in Perspective -- 2.2.3 Size Distortion, Accuracy, and Implications -- 2.3 Orders of Magnitude -- 2.4 Sub-Types of Scale as Size -- 2.4.1 Scale as Size with Units -- 2.4.2 Scale as Size Without Units -- 2.4.3 Scale and Hierarchy -- 2.5 Scale on Trial -- References -- Chapter 3: Scale as Size in Time and in Space-Time -- 3.1 Temporal Scale Versus Spatial Scale: What Is Different? -- 3.2 Converting Size in Space to Size in Time -- 3.3 Time Scales and Records of Time -- 3.4 Scale as Size and the Granularity of Time Records -- 3.5 Time Scales and Environmental Processes -- 3.5.1 Scale Ranges, Accumulation, and Dissipation -- 3.5.2 Time Scales and the Renewability of Resources -- 3.5.3 Scale and Equilibrium -- 3.6 Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives -- 3.7 The Time Scale Bias -- 3.8 Scaling Up and Scaling Down -- 3.8.1 Dimension and Changes in Scale -- 3.8.2 Downscaling in Climate Change Studies -- 3.9 Scale as Size, Context, and Scale Change -- References -- Chapter 4: Scale as Ratio in Space -- 4.1 Scale as Ratio in Space and Proportional Change -- 4.2 The Basis of Scale as Ratio: Geometric Transformations -- 4.3 Scaling in Two and Three Dimensions -- 4.4 Scale and Maps -- 4.4.1 Scale, Maps, and Discovery -- 4.4.2 Specifying the Scale of Maps -- 4.4.3 Precision and Accuracy in Scale as Ratio. 327 $a4.4.4 Scale and the Environment -- 4.4.5 Map Projections and the Spatial Variation of Scale -- 4.5 Scale in the Digital World -- 4.5.1 A New Environment -- 4.5.2 Scale, Similarity, and Automated Map Generalization -- 4.5.3 Feature-Guided Exploration of a Spatial Database -- 4.5.4 Making Use of the Spatial Informational Backbone -- 4.6 The Scale-Dependent View of Reality -- References -- Chapter 5: Scale as Ratio in Time -- 5.1 Premises of Scale Change in Time -- 5.2 Time Series and Time Scales -- 5.3 Simple Transformations in Time -- 5.4 Event Density and Time Scale Change -- 5.5 Waves -- 5.6 Waves and Time Scale Change -- 5.7 Time Domain and Frequency Domain -- 5.8 Applications of Scale in Time -- 5.8.1 Application Areas of Temporal Scale -- 5.8.2 Perception and Temporal Scale -- 5.8.3 Time Scale and Visual Information -- 5.8.4 Time Scale Change Involving a Variable Scale Factor -- 5.8.5 Time Scale and Auditory Information: Sonification -- 5.9 Subjective Time Scale and Learning About the Environment -- 5.9.1 Change and Subjective Time: The Old Masters -- 5.9.2 Change and Subjective Time: Today's Science -- 5.9.3 Large-Scale Time Compression -- 5.10 Time Scale in Reflection and Narration -- References -- Chapter 6: Scale as Rank -- 6.1 Introducing Scale as Rank -- 6.2 Scale as Rank at Work -- 6.3 Scale as Rank and Categorization -- 6.3.1 The Power of Categories -- 6.3.2 Categorization: Basic Principles -- 6.3.3 Positive and Negative Effects of Categorization -- 6.3.4 Scale as Rank Versus Changes in Categorization -- 6.3.5 Scale and Categorization: The Role of Objects -- 6.4 Main Properties of Scale as Rank -- 6.4.1 Directedness -- 6.4.2 Abstractness -- 6.4.3 Granularity: IF-Type Versus F-Type Transformations -- 6.4.4 Objectivity -- 6.5 Recognizing a False Scale as Rank -- 6.6 Histograms at the Core of Scale as Rank -- 6.7 Scale as Rank and Maps. 327 $a6.8 Uncovering Map Manipulation -- 6.9 Scale as Rank: Inside and Outside -- References -- Chapter 7: Scale, Patterns, and Fractals -- 7.1 Scale and Patterns -- 7.1.1 Scale and the Reality of Relationships -- 7.1.2 Distinguishing Patterns -- 7.1.3 Defining Patterns -- 7.1.4 Patterns and Scale -- 7.1.5 Patterns and Scale Change -- 7.2 Scale, Symmetry, and Pattern Analysis -- 7.2.1 Symmetry: Old and New -- 7.2.2 Scale Symmetry -- 7.2.3 Fractals -- 7.2.4 Scale as Ratio, Maps, and Fractals -- 7.2.5 Scale as Ratio and the Fractal Dimension -- 7.2.6 Scale as Ratio in Pattern Analysis -- 7.2.7 Dimensions and Their Meanings -- 7.2.8 Scalebound and Scale-Free Patterns -- 7.2.9 Scaling and Spatially Variable Scale as Ratio -- 7.2.10 Scale and Its Role in Multiscale Pattern Analysis -- References -- Chapter 8: Scale, Symmetry, and Nonlinearity -- 8.1 Insights into Artistic Currents -- 8.1.1 Classicism: Scale, Symmetry, and Our Understanding of the Environment -- 8.1.2 Romanticism: The Subtle but Pervasive Presence of Scale -- 8.1.3 Views from the Garden: Romanticism Versus Classicism -- 8.2 Insights into Individual Artistic Styles -- 8.3 Scale and Nonlinearity -- 8.3.1 Scale and Nonlinear Processes -- 8.3.2 Scale and Chaos -- 8.3.3 Scale and Self-Organized Criticality -- References -- Chapter 9: The Essence of Scale -- 9.1 Scale Types: An Overall Perspective -- 9.2 Scale and the Guided Cut -- 9.2.1 The Selective Approach to the Environment -- 9.2.2 Introducing the Guided Cut -- 9.2.3 The Guided Cut and the Environment -- 9.2.4 The Guided Cut and the Logical Field -- 9.3 Scale Involves Mapping -- 9.3.1 Key Elements of Mapping -- 9.3.2 Relations in Mapping and the Three Types of Scale -- 9.3.3 Reversibility in Mapping and in Scale Transformations -- 9.4 Scale Involves Representation -- 9.4.1 Morphism and the Choice in Representation. 327 $a9.4.2 Representation and Our Understanding of the Environment -- 9.4.3 Scale and the Modalities of Representation -- 9.4.4 Mapping, Representation, and Scale -- 9.5 Scale Involves Quantitative Comparison -- 9.5.1 Comparison and Memory -- 9.5.2 Comparison and Quantity: Looping Back to Mapping -- 9.6 Converging on One Essence of Scale: A General Definition -- 9.7 Scale as a Process -- 9.8 Scale Is a Living Concept -- 9.9 The Open-Ended Scale -- References -- Index. 606 $aGeography$xMathematical models 606 $aGeografia$2thub 606 $aModels matemàtics$2thub 606 $aEscales (Ciències socials)$2thub 608 $aLlibres electrònics$2thub 615 0$aGeography$xMathematical models. 615 7$aGeografia 615 7$aModels matemàtics 615 7$aEscales (Ciències socials) 676 $a304.2 700 $aSuteanu$b Cristian$01274069 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 912 $a996503549203316 996 $aScale$93002283 997 $aUNISA