LEADER 04398nam 22006015 450 001 996466076603316 005 20200707033244.0 010 $a3-540-47557-5 024 7 $a10.1007/BFb0030385 035 $a(CKB)1000000000233933 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000325253 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11912716 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000325253 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10322181 035 $a(PQKB)10286046 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-540-47557-6 035 $a(PPN)155213253 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000233933 100 $a20121227d1993 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn|008mamaa 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aNonmonotonic and Inductive Logic$b[electronic resource] $eSecond International Workshop, Reinhardsbrunn Castle, Germany, December 2-6, 1991. Proceedings /$fedited by Gerhard Brewka, Klaus P. Jantke, Peter H. Schmitt 205 $a1st ed. 1993. 210 1$aBerlin, Heidelberg :$cSpringer Berlin Heidelberg :$cImprint: Springer,$d1993. 215 $a1 online resource (X, 338 p.) 225 1 $aLecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence ;$v659 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a3-540-56433-0 327 $aA tutorial on Nonmonotonic Reasoning -- On the sample complexity of various learning strategies in the probabilistic PAC learning paradigms -- More about learning elementary formal systems -- A polynomial time algorithm for finding finite unions of tree pattern languages -- Towards efficient inductive synthesis: Rapid construction of local regularities -- Deductive generalization in a default logic setting -- Deduction with supernormal defaults -- Multi-agent learning: Theoretical and empirical studies -- Predicate synthesis from formal specifications: Using mathematical induction for finding the preconditions of theorems -- Dual types of hypotheses in inductive inference -- All I know about Tweety -- Monotonic versus non-monotonic language learning -- Normal form results for default logic -- Retrieval in case-based reasoning using preferred subtheories -- Interactive synthesis of process flowcharts -- Probabilistic inference of approximations. 330 $aThis proceedings volume contains a selection of revised and extended papers presented at the Second International Workshop on Nonmonotonic and InductiveLogic, NIL '91, which took place at Reinhardsbrunn Castle, December 2-6, 1991. The volume opens with an extended version of a tutorial on nonmonotonic logic by G. Brewka, J. Dix, and K. Konolige. Fifteen selected papers follow, on a variety of topics. The majority of papers belong either to the area of nonmonotonic reasoning or to the field of inductive inference, but some papers integrate research from both areas. The first workshop in this series was held at the University of Karlsruhe in December 1990 and its proceedings were published as Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Volume 543. The series of workshops was made possible by financial support from Volkswagen Stiftung, Hannover. This workshop was also supported by IBM Deutschland GmbH and Siemens AG. 410 0$aLecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence ;$v659 606 $aArtificial intelligence 606 $aMathematical logic 606 $aArtificial Intelligence$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I21000 606 $aMathematical Logic and Formal Languages$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I16048 606 $aMathematical Logic and Foundations$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/M24005 615 0$aArtificial intelligence. 615 0$aMathematical logic. 615 14$aArtificial Intelligence. 615 24$aMathematical Logic and Formal Languages. 615 24$aMathematical Logic and Foundations. 676 $a006.3 702 $aBrewka$b Gerhard$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 702 $aJantke$b Klaus P$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 702 $aSchmitt$b Peter H$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 712 12$aInternational Workshop on Nonmonotonic and Inductive Logic, NIL '91$d(2nd :$f1991 :$eReinhardsbrunn Castle) 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996466076603316 996 $aNonmonotonic and inductive logic$91501917 997 $aUNISA LEADER 05390nam 2200613 450 001 9910787022303321 005 20230803205520.0 010 $a1-4214-1528-3 035 $a(CKB)3710000000252169 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001349259 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11870863 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001349259 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11398595 035 $a(PQKB)11758945 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3318850 035 $a(OCoLC)893010153 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse37320 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3318850 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10951579 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000252169 100 $a20141016h20142014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aGoverned by a spirit of opposition $ethe origins of American political practice in colonial Philadelphia /$fby Jessica C. Roney 210 1$aBaltimore, Maryland :$cJohns Hopkins University Press,$d2014. 210 4$dİ2014 215 $a1 online resource (269 pages) $cillustrations 225 0 $aStudies in Early American Economy and Society 300 $aIncludes index. 311 $a1-4214-1527-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $a"Named Before Thou Wert Born" : A City Imagined, 1682-1700 -- Intoxicated With Power : The Rise and Limits of the Philadelphia Corporation -- Intended for a General Benefit : The Rise of a New Civic Technology -- Amidst "Rancour and Party hatred" : A Changing Civic Landscape -- Lending in Plain Sight : Covert Banks -- Private Men Interfering with Matters of Government : Taking Over From the State -- Mars Ascendant : A Revolution in Arms -- Epilogue. 330 2 $a"To what extent did the American Revolution involve ordinary people? Historians as notable as Carl Becker and Edmund Morgan famously have asked this question or versions of it, but here Roney approaches it afresh by examining local governance and civic associations in Philadelphia, the largest colonial American city. How did popular participation in charity, schools, the militia, and informal banks prepare people to adopt radical ideas and take to the streets protesting against tyranny in the 1760s and 70s? Roney's GOVERNED BY A SPIRIT OF OPPOSITION will both be an important addition to the current literature on public life in early America, and also to the wider literature on urban governance in the British Atlantic in the eighteenth century. She sheds light on the powerful roles played by men acting in the political and constitutional circumstances of early Philadelphia leading up to the Revolution"--$cProvided by publisher. 330 2 $a"During the colonial era, ordinary Philadelphians played an unusually active role in political life. Because the city lacked a strong central government, private individuals working in civic associations of their own making shouldered broad responsibility for education, poverty relief, church governance, fire protection, and even taxation and military defense. These organizations dramatically expanded the opportunities for white men--rich and poor alike--to shape policies that immediately affected their communities and their own lives. In Governed by a Spirit of Opposition, Jessica Choppin Roney explains how allowing people from all walks of life to participate in political activities amplified citizen access and democratic governance. Merchants, shopkeepers, carpenters, brewers, shoemakers, and silversmiths served as churchwardens, street commissioners, constables, and Overseers of the Poor. They volunteered to fight fires, organized relief for the needy, contributed money toward the care of the sick, took up arms in defense of the community, raised capital for local lending, and even interjected themselves in Indian diplomacy. Ultimately, Roney suggests, popular participation in charity, schools, the militia, and informal banks empowered people in this critically important colonial city to overthrow the existing government in 1776 and re-envision the parameters of democratic participation. Governed by a Spirit of Opposition argues that the American Revolution did not occasion the birth of commonplace political activity or of an American culture of voluntary association. Rather, the Revolution built upon a long history of civic engagement and a complicated relationship between the practice of majority-rule and exclusionary policy-making on the part of appointed and self-selected constituencies"--$cProvided by publisher. 606 $aPolitical participation$zPennsylvania$zPhiladelphia$xHistory 606 $aMunicipal government$zPennsylvania$zPhiladelphia$xCitizen participation$xHistory 607 $aPhiladelphia (Pa.)$xHistory$yColonial period, ca. 1600-1775 607 $aPhiladelphia (Pa.)$xPolitics and government$y17th century 607 $aPhiladelphia (Pa.)$xPolitics and government$y18th century 615 0$aPolitical participation$xHistory. 615 0$aMunicipal government$xCitizen participation$xHistory. 676 $a974.8/11 686 $aHIS036020$aPOL000000$aBUS023000$2bisacsh 700 $aRoney$b Jessica C$g(Jessica Choppin),$f1978-$01534395 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910787022303321 996 $aGoverned by a spirit of opposition$93781890 997 $aUNINA