LEADER 01236nam 2200337Ia 450 001 996394598003316 005 20200824132835.0 035 $a(CKB)4940000000120023 035 $a(EEBO)2264214751 035 $a(OCoLC)ocm9316631e 035 $a(OCoLC)9316631 035 $a(EXLCZ)994940000000120023 100 $a19830316d1675 uy | 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurbn||||a|bb| 200 10$aHis Majesties gracious speech together with the lord keepers to both Houses of Parliament on Wednesday the 13th of October, 1675$b[electronic resource] 210 $aEdinburgh $cRe-printed by Andrew Anderson$d1675 215 $a6 p 300 $aReproduction of original in the British Library. 330 $aeebo-0018 607 $aGreat Britain$xHistory$yCharles II, 1660-1685 607 $aGreat Britain$xPolitics and government$y1660-1688 701 $aCharles$cKing of England,$f1630-1685.$0793293 712 02$aEngland and Wales.$bParliament. 801 0$bEEU 801 1$bEEU 801 2$bWaOLN 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996394598003316 996 $aHis Majesties gracious speech together with the lord keepers to both Houses of Parliament on Wednesday the 13th of October, 1675$92313609 997 $aUNISA LEADER 12501nam 2200721 a 450 001 9910960081503321 005 20251116140711.0 010 $a9786610193530 010 $a9780309176842 010 $a0309176840 010 $a9781280193538 010 $a1280193530 010 $a9780309538480 010 $a0309538483 010 $a9780585022550 010 $a0585022550 035 $a(CKB)110986584751480 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000199990 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11168743 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000199990 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10197150 035 $a(PQKB)11702655 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376847 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376847 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10060417 035 $a(OCoLC)923266519 035 $a(Perlego)4737584 035 $a(BIP)1013519 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751480 100 $a19950120d1995 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aMeasuring poverty $ea new approach /$fConstance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, editors ; Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Concepts, Information Needs, and Measurement Methods ... [et al.] 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$dc1995 215 $axviii, 501 p. $cill 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309051286 311 08$a0309051282 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 449-482) and index. 327 $aMeasuring Poverty -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary and Recommendations -- THE CURRENT POVERTY MEASURE: EVALUATION -- RECOMMENDATION: A NEW POVERTY MEASURE -- SETTING AND UPDATING THE POVERTY THRESHOLD -- ADJUSTING THE THRESHOLD -- DEFINING FAMILY RESOURCES -- EFFECTS -- NEEDED DATA -- OTHER ISSUES IN POVERTY MEASUREMENT -- RELATING THE POVERTY MEASURE TO ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- WHAT IS POVERTY? -- THE OFFICIAL U.S. POVERTY MEASURE -- Development of the Measure -- Adequacy of the Current Measure -- Work Patterns of Families with Children -- Composition of Families and Households -- Geographic Differences in Prices -- Increases in Medical Care Costs and Benefits -- Taxes -- Provision of In-Kind Benefits -- Increase in the Standard of Living -- ALTERNATIVE POVERTY MEASURES AND CRITERIA FOR A MEASURE -- Types of Poverty Thresholds -- Absolute and Relative Thresholds -- Expert Budgets: The U.S. Experience -- Other Approaches -- Definitions of Family Resources -- Criteria for a Poverty Measure -- Public Acceptability -- Statistical Defensibility -- Operational Feasibility -- A NEW APPROACH TO POVERTY MEASUREMENT: RECOMMENDATIONS -- A New Poverty Measure -- Periodic Reviews -- The Poverty Threshold -- Updating the Thresholds -- Threshold Concepts: Assessment -- Recommended Threshold Concept and Updating -- Setting the Initial Threshold -- Adjusting the Thresholds-Equivalence Scale -- Adjusting the Thresholds-Geographic Variations -- Defining Family Resources -- In-Kind Benefits-Nonmedical -- Medical Care Costs -- Taxes -- Work-Related Expenses -- Child Support Payments -- Services from Home Ownership -- Assets -- Effects -- Distributional Effects -- Effects of Selected Components -- Effects on the Poverty Rate -- Time Trends -- Needed Data -- Other Issues in Poverty Measurement. 327 $aTime Period -- Unit of Analysis -- Other Measures -- USE OF THE POVERTY MEASURE IN GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS -- The Poverty Measure and Program Eligibility -- Need Standards for Programs That Use the Official Measure -- Need Standards for AFDC -- The Poverty Measure and AFDC Benefit Standards -- 2 Poverty Thresholds -- THRESHOLD CONCEPTS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- The Two-Adult/Two-Child Reference Family -- Nondiscretionary Expenses -- Updating the Thresholds -- Setting the Initial Threshold -- EXPERT BUDGETS -- Multiplier Approaches -- The Original U.S. Poverty Thresholds -- The Orshansky Multiplier over Time -- Other Multiplier Approaches -- Categorical Approaches -- Detailed Budget Approaches -- York Family Budget Unit -- BLS Family Budgets Program -- Schwarz and Volgy Budget -- Conclusions -- Updating for Price Changes -- RELATIVE THRESHOLDS -- International Examples -- U.S. Expert Committee on Family Budget Revisions -- Issues in Deriving Relative Thresholds -- Behavior of Relative Thresholds Over Time -- SUBJECTIVE THRESHOLDS -- Research Findings -- Behavior of Subjective Thresholds Over Time -- CONCLUSIONS -- IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSED APPROACH -- Setting the Initial Threshold -- Analysis of 1989-1991 CEX Data -- The Basic Bundle -- The Multiplier -- The Basic Bundle and Multiplier Together -- Comparison with Other Thresholds -- Analysis Over Time -- Further Evaluation -- 3 Adjusting Poverty Thresholds -- ADJUSTMENTS BY FAMILY TYPE -- The Concept of an Equivalence Scale -- Overview and Recommendation -- The Current Equivalence Scale -- Alternative Equivalence Scales -- Programmatic Equivalence Scales -- Behavioral Scales -- The Engel and Iso-Prop Methods -- The Rothbarth and Other Methods -- Subjective Scales -- Recommended Procedure -- ADJUSTMENTS BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA -- Overview and Recommendations -- Feasibility and Desirability. 327 $aResearch Findings on Price Differences -- Estimating Geographic Variations in Housing Costs -- HUD Fair Market Rents -- BLS Family Budgets Program -- Hedonic Models -- Discussion -- Recommended Approach -- Updating the Housing Cost Index -- Further Research -- 4 Defining Resources -- OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION -- ALTERNATIVES FOR DEFINING RESOURCES -- Resources as Disposable Income -- Adjusting Income, Not Thresholds -- Recommendation -- Resources as Consumption or Expenditures -- Rationale -- Implications -- Assessment -- A Crisis Definition of Resources -- Methodological and Measurement Issues -- Implications -- Assessment -- PROPOSED RESOURCE DEFINITION -- Money Income -- Nonmedical In-Kind Benefits -- Census Bureau Valuation Procedures -- Assessment of Valuation Approaches -- Needed Research and Development -- Medical Care Needs and Resources -- Proposed Approach: Recommendation -- Alternative Approaches -- Current Poverty Measure -- Adding Health Insurance Benefits to Income -- A Comprehensive Single Index -- A Two-Index Poverty Measure -- Separate Measures of Medical Care Risk and Economic Poverty -- Taxes -- Census Bureau Tax Estimation Procedures -- Assessment -- Work-Related Expenses -- Child Care -- Other Work-Related Expenses -- Child Support Payments -- Home Ownership Services -- 5 Effects of the Proposed Poverty Measure -- DATA AND PROCEDURES -- Poverty Measure Alternatives -- Threshold Adjustments -- Imputation Procedures for Proposed Resource Definition -- In-Kind Benefit Values and Taxes -- Out-of-Pocket Medical Care Expenditures -- Child Care Expenses -- Other Work-Related Expenses -- Distribution of Imputed Values -- RESULTS -- Effects with a Constant Poverty Rate -- Effects with a New Threshold -- The Overall Rate -- Groups -- Marginal Effects -- Equivalence Scale Effects -- Accuracy of Medical Care Expense Imputations. 327 $aPrior Income Years -- Data and Procedures -- Results -- Poverty Rates Using SIPP -- DATA SOURCES -- Recommendations -- Data Sources for Income -- The March CPS -- The Alternative of SIPP -- Orienting SIPP to Poverty Measurement -- Transition -- Research Recommendations -- Income Data in Other Surveys -- Income Data in the Decennial Census -- Expenditure Data -- 6 Other Issues in Measuring Poverty -- TIME PERIOD -- Recommendation -- Short-Term Measures -- Long-Term Measures -- UNIT OF ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION -- Unit of Analysis -- Recommendations -- Discussion -- Unit of Presentation -- INDEXES OF POVERTY -- Recommendation -- Alternative Indexes -- Indexes with Alternative Resource Definitions -- THE LIMITED SCOPE OF MEASURING ECONOMIC POVERTY -- 7 Use of the Poverty Measure in Government Assistance Programs -- RECOMMENDATION -- GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS -- Overview -- Determining Income Eligibility: Selected Programs -- Head Start -- School Nutrition Programs -- WIC -- Food Stamps -- USING THE PROPOSED POVERTY MEASURE -- The Thresholds -- The Family Resource Definition -- Simplified Determination of Disposable Income -- Full Determination of Disposable Income -- Other Issues -- 8 The Poverty Measure and AFDC -- DETERMINING PROGRAM BENEFIT LEVELS -- Proposals for AFDC Minimum Benefits: A Brief History -- The Matching Formula -- A Supplementary Program with a National Benefit Standard-Food Stamps -- A National Minimum Benefit Standard for AFDC -- Issues in Program Benefit Design -- Budget Constraints -- Targeting Strategies and Preferences -- Program Interactions -- Program Incentives -- Work Effects -- Family Structure Decisions -- Migration Effects -- Summary -- Federal-State Cost Sharing -- Summary -- DETERMINING STATE AFDC STANDARDS OF NEED -- Recommendation -- Program Regulations -- Standard Setting in the 1970s. 327 $aStandard Setting in the 1980s -- Differences Among States -- Differences in Need Standards and Benefits -- Differences in Equivalence Scales -- Trends in Need Standards and Benefits -- Conclusions -- Comparative Advantage of the Proposed Poverty Measure -- Problematic Aspects of the Proposed Poverty Measure -- Program Interactions -- Implications of Updating for Costs and Caseloads -- Effects of Updating on Program Incentives -- Summary -- APPENDICES -- APPENDIX A Dissent -- MEASURING THE POVERTY LINE -- UPDATING THE POVERTY LINE -- CHOOSING A RANGE FOR THE POVERTY LINE -- MEASURING FAMILY RESOURCES: THE ISSUE OF MEDICAL CARE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX B Data Sources for Measuring Poverty -- MAJOR FEATURES OF THE CEX, MARCH CPS, PSID, AND SIPP -- Consumer Expenditure Survey -- Design and Use -- Content of the Interview Survey -- CPS March Income Supplement -- Design -- Content -- Panel Study of Income Dynamics -- Design -- Content -- Survey of Income and Program Participation -- Design -- Content -- Summary Comparisons -- Quality of Income Data -- THE MARCH CPS AND SIPP COMPARED -- Categories of Information -- Taxes -- Nonmedical In-Kind Benefits -- Medical Benefits/Costs -- Child Care and Other Work Expenses -- Child Support Payments -- Asset Holdings -- Ability to Support Other Estimates -- Shorter or Longer Term Measures -- State Estimates -- Related Measures -- Quality of Income Data -- Population Undercoverage -- Household and Person Nonresponse -- Item Nonresponse -- Other Sources of Error -- Aggregate Comparisons -- APPENDIX C The Interdependence of Time and Money -- ''TIME IS MONEY -- Illustration -- Expenditure Data -- Discussion -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- Time Poor: A Measurement -- Calculating Earnings Capacity -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX D Assistance Programs for People with Low-Incomes. 327 $aPROGRAMS THAT TIE ELIGIBILITY TO THE POVERTY GUIDELINES. 330 $aEach year's poverty figures are anxiously awaited by policymakers, analysts, and the media. Yet questions are increasing about the 30-year-old measure as social and economic conditions change. In Measuring Poverty a distinguished panel provides policymakers with an up-to-date evaluation of Concepts and procedures for deriving the poverty threshold, including adjustments for different family circumstances. Definitions of family resources. Procedures for annual updates of poverty measures. The volume explores specific issues underlying the poverty measure, analyzes the likely effects of any changes on poverty rates, and discusses the impact on eligibility for public benefits. In supporting its recommendations the panel provides insightful recognition of the political and social dimensions of this key economic indicator. Measuring Poverty will be important to government officials, policy analysts, statisticians, economists, researchers, and others involved in virtually all poverty and social welfare issues. 606 $aPoverty$zUnited States$xStatistical methods 615 0$aPoverty$xStatistical methods. 676 $a362.5/2/015195 701 $aCitro$b Constance F$g(Constance Forbes),$f1942-$01804879 701 $aMichael$b Robert T$0148524 712 02$aPanel on Poverty and Family Assistance (United States) 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910960081503321 996 $aMeasuring poverty$94354187 997 $aUNINA