LEADER 05218nam 2200661 450 001 996360037803316 005 20201024121019.0 010 $a3-11-061632-7 024 7 $a10.1515/9783110616323 035 $a(CKB)4100000011248517 035 $a(DE-B1597)527156 035 $a(DE-B1597)9783110616323 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6239290 035 $a(OCoLC)1151359404 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/71067 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000011248517 100 $a20201024d2020 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aSocial reform, modernization and technical diplomacy $ethe ILO contribution to development (1930-1946) /$fVe?ronique Plata-Stenger 210 $aOldenbourg$cDe Gruyter$d2020 210 1$aBerlin ;$aBoston :$cDe Gruyter Oldenbourg,$d[2020] 210 4$d©2020 215 $a1 online resource (XIII, 332 p.) 225 1 $aWork in global and historical perspective ;$v8 311 $a3-11-061597-5 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tAcknowledgments -- $tContents -- $tList of Tables -- $tList of Acronyms -- $tIntroduction -- $tChapter I. Europe?s Economic Recovery: the Emergence of a Matrix Thinking on Development -- $tChapter II. After the ?Spirit of Geneva? Comes the ?Spirit of Santiago?: Early Regional Cooperation in Latin America -- $tChapter III. The Limits of the ILO?s Universalist Ambition in Asia and the Problem of Underdevelopment -- $tChapter IV. The ILO?s Contribution to the Internationalisation of the Standard of Living -- $tChapter V. Technical Assistance ?Experts?: ILO Brokers Around The World -- $tChapter VI. The Social Reconstruction of Europe?s Periphery: Technical Assistance to Greece and Romania -- $tChapter VII. On the Roads of Venezuela: Experiences and Representations of International Expertise -- $tChapter VIII. Technical Assistance and the Formulation of an International Development Policy During the Second World War -- $tGeneral Conclusion -- $tImages -- $tUnprinted Materials -- $tPrinted Materials, Archives of the International Labour Office -- $tBibliography -- $tIndex 330 $aFounded in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles as part of the League of Nations? system, the ILO is still today the main organization responsible for the international organization of work and the improvement of working conditions in the world. Widely recognized for its efforts in building international labour standards, the ILO remains little studied by development specialists and historians. This book intends to fill this gap and traces the history of international development and its early pioneers, through an analysis of the activities of the International Labour Office, the Secretariat of the International Labour Organization, between 1930 and 1946. In this book, development is used as a key to questioning the ILO's place and function in the expanding inter-war world. The development practices and discourses that emerged in the 1930s were mainly intended to support the ILO's universalization strategy, which was made necessary by the events that shook Europe at the time. Development discourses and practices were also part of the "esprit du temps", as they were closely linked to the affirmation of the planist and rationalist ideas of the 1930s. However, development for the ILO was not reduced to a project of economic modernization, but was seen as a tool for social engineering, as evidenced by the ILO's missions of technical assistance, organized since 1930. The analysis of the expertise work makes it possible to highlight the logics that prevailed in technical assistance, which was more in line with institutional objectives, than with the dissemination of a genuine expertise. This book therefore hopes to bring new insight on the history of internationalism, and international organizations during the inter-war period and the Second World War, as well as on the role of the ILO in the history of international development thinking and practices. 410 0$aWork in global and historical perspective ;$v8. 606 $aEconomic development$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aSocial history$y20th century 606 $aSocial movements 606 $aSocial policy$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aTechnical assistance$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aHISTORY / Social History$2bisacsh 608 $aHistory.$2fast 610 $aDiplomacy. 610 $aReform. 610 $aWorker history. 615 0$aEconomic development$xHistory 615 0$aSocial history 615 0$aSocial movements. 615 0$aSocial policy$xHistory 615 0$aTechnical assistance$xHistory 615 7$aHISTORY / Social History. 676 $a341.763 700 $aPlata-Stenger Ve?ronique$0990096 712 02$aSchweizerischer Nationalfonds (SNF)$4fnd$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/fnd 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996360037803316 996 $aSocial reform, modernization and technical diplomacy$92264627 997 $aUNISA LEADER 09062nam 2200493 450 001 9910544846703321 005 20220929192938.0 010 $a3-030-86482-0 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6887151 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6887151 035 $a(CKB)21167320800041 035 $a(PPN)260830968 035 $a(EXLCZ)9921167320800041 100 $a20220929d2022 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aElectrophysiology $ebasics, modern approaches, and applications /$fJu?rgen Rettinger, Silvia Schwarz Linder, Wolfgang Schwarz 205 $aSecond edition. 210 1$aCham, Switzerland :$cSpringer,$d[2022] 210 4$d©2022 215 $a1 online resource (225 pages) 311 08$aPrint version: Rettinger, Jürgen Electrophysiology Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 9783030864811 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About This Book -- Important Physical Units -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Basic Background Knowledge -- 1.2 History of Electrophysiology -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 2: Basics Theory -- 2.1 Electrical Characteristics of Biological Membranes -- 2.2 Ion Distribution at Biological Membranes -- 2.3 Donnan Distribution and Nernst Equation -- 2.3.1 Donnan Distribution -- 2.3.2 Nernst Equation -- 2.4 Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 3: Basics: Methods -- 3.1 Recording Electrical Signals from Body Surface -- 3.2 The Example (ECG) -- 3.2.1 Electrophysiological Basics -- 3.2.2 Activation of the Heart Muscle -- 3.3 Recording Electrical Signals from Tissue -- 3.3.1 Intracardiac Electrograms -- 3.3.2 The Ussing Chamber -- 3.3.3 Recording from the Brain -- 3.3.4 Recording Extracellular Field Potentials with Multielectrode Arrays -- 3.4 Recording Electrical Signals from Single Cells -- 3.4.1 The Ag/AgCl Electrode -- 3.4.2 The Microelectrode -- 3.4.3 Ion-Selective Microelectrodes -- 3.4.3.1 Construction of Ion-Selective Microelectrodes -- 3.4.3.2 Theory of Ion-Selective Microelectrodes -- 3.4.4 The Carbon-Fibre Technique -- 3.4.4.1 Construction of Carbon-Fibre Microelectrodes -- 3.4.4.2 Theory of Carbon-Fibre Microelectrodes -- 3.4.4.3 Amperometric and Cyclic Voltammetric Measurements -- 3.4.5 Basics of Voltage Clamp -- 3.4.5.1 The Ideal Voltage Clamp -- 3.4.5.2 The Real Voltage Clamp -- 3.4.5.3 The Voltage Clamp with Two Electrodes -- 3.4.5.4 One-Electrode Voltage Clamp Used for the Patch-Clamp Technique -- 3.4.5.5 Performing Voltage Clamp -- 3.4.6 Noise in Electrophysiological Measurements -- 3.4.6.1 Thermal Noise -- 3.4.6.2 Shot Noise -- 3.4.6.3 Dielectric Noise -- 3.4.6.4 Digitisation Noise. 327 $a3.4.6.5 The Sampling Theorem and Aliasing Noise -- 3.4.6.6 Excess Noise -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 4: Application of the Voltage-Clamp Technique -- 4.1 Different Versions of the Voltage-Clamp Technique -- 4.1.1 The Classic Squid Giant Axon -- 4.1.2 The Vaseline- or Sucrose-Gap Voltage Clamp -- 4.1.3 The Two-Microelectrode Voltage Clamp -- 4.1.4 The One-Electrode Voltage Clamp -- 4.1.5 The Open-Oocyte Voltage Clamp -- 4.2 Analysing Current Fluctuations -- 4.3 Analysing Transient Charge Movements (Gating Currents) -- 4.4 The Patch-Clamp Technique -- 4.4.1 Different Versions of Patch Clamp (Patch Conformations) -- 4.4.2 Advantages of the Different Patch Conformations -- 4.4.3 The Single-Channel Current and Conductance -- 4.4.4 The Sniffer-Patch Method -- 4.5 Automated Electrophysiology -- 4.5.1 Automated Patch Clamp -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 5: Ion-Selective Channels -- 5.1 General Characteristics of Ion Channels -- 5.1.1 Selectivity of Ion Channels -- 5.1.2 Discrete Movement of Ions through Pores -- 5.2 Specific Ion Channels -- 5.2.1 The Na+ Channel (A Single-Ion Pore) -- 5.2.2 The K+ Channel (A Multi-Ion Pore) -- 5.2.3 The Ca2+ Channel (A Multi-Ion Pore) -- 5.2.4 Anion-Selective Channels -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 6: Theory of Excitability -- 6.1 The Hodgkin-Huxley Description of Excitation -- 6.1.1 Experimental Basics -- 6.1.2 The Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) Description of Excitability -- 6.1.2.1 The Hypothetical Channel -- 6.1.2.2 The K+ Channel -- 6.1.2.3 The Na+ Channel -- 6.1.2.4 The HH Description -- 6.1.3 The Action Potential -- 6.1.3.1 Phenomenological Description -- 6.1.3.2 Calculation of Propagated Action Potential. -- 6.2 Continuous and Saltatory Spread of Action Potentials -- 6.2.1 The Electrotonic Potential -- 6.2.2 The Continuous Spread of an Action Potential. 327 $a6.2.3 The Saltatory Spread of an Action Potential -- 6.3 Generation and Transmission of Action Potentials -- 6.3.1 Generation -- 6.3.2 Transmission -- 6.4 Summary of the Different Types of Potentials -- 6.4.1 Surface Potential -- 6.5 Action Potential in Non-nerve Cells -- 6.5.1 Skeletal Muscle -- 6.5.2 Smooth Muscle -- 6.5.3 Heart Muscle -- 6.5.4 Plant Cells -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 7: Carrier-Mediated Transport -- 7.1 General Characteristics of Carriers -- 7.1.1 Distinction Between Pores and Carriers -- 7.1.2 The Oocytes of Xenopus: A Model System -- 7.1.3 The Anion Exchanger -- 7.1.4 The Sodium Pump -- 7.1.4.1 Steady-State Pump Current -- 7.1.4.2 Transient Pump-Generated Currents -- 7.1.5 The Neurotransmitter Transporter GAT1 -- 7.2 Carriers Are Like Channels with Alternating Gates -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 8: Examples of Application of the Voltage-Clamp Technique -- 8.1 Structure-Function Relationships of Carrier Proteins -- 8.1.1 The Na+,K+-ATPase -- 8.1.2 The Na+-Dependent GABA Transporter (GAT1) -- 8.2 Structure-Function Relationships of Ion Channels -- 8.2.1 Families of Various Ion Channels -- 8.2.1.1 The Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (VIC) Superfamily -- 8.2.1.2 The Ligand-Gated Ion Channel (LIC) Family -- 8.2.1.3 The Chloride Channel (ClC) Family -- 8.2.1.4 The Gap Junction-Forming (Connexin) Family -- 8.2.1.5 The Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Family -- 8.2.1.6 Mechanosensitive Ion Channels -- 8.2.2 ATP-Gated Cation Channel (ACC) Family -- 8.2.2.1 Structure and Classification of P2X Receptors -- 8.2.3 Experimental Results -- 8.2.3.1 The P2X1 Receptor -- 8.2.3.2 The P2X2 Receptor -- 8.2.3.3 Effect of Glycosylation on P2X1 Receptor Function -- 8.3 Viral Ion Channels -- 8.3.1 The 3a Protein of SARS Coronavirus -- 8.3.1.1 Inhibition of 3a-Mediated Current by the Anthrachinon Emodin. 327 $a8.3.1.2 Inhibition of 3a-Mediated Current by the Kaempferol Glycoside Juglanin -- 8.3.2 Channel Proteins of SARS Coronavirus-2 -- 8.3.3 The Viral Protein Unit (Vpu) of HIV-1 -- 8.3.4 The M2 (Matrix Protein 2) of Influenza a Virus -- 8.3.4.1 Inhibition of M2-Mediated Current by Kaempferol Triglycoside -- 8.4 Electrophysiology as a Tool in Chinese Medicine Research -- 8.4.1 Mechanisms in Acupuncture Points -- 8.4.1.1 Mast-Cell Degranulation -- 8.4.1.2 Mast-Cell Degranulation Is Initiated by Ion-Channel Activation -- 8.4.2 Mechanisms in Effected Sites -- 8.4.2.1 Co-Expression of Neurotransmitter Transporters and ?-Opioid Receptor -- 8.5 Electrophysiology as a Tool in Pharmacology -- 8.5.1 The Na+,Ca2+ Exchanger -- 8.5.2 Neurotransmitter Transporters -- 8.5.3 Ion Channels -- Take-Home Messages -- References -- Chapter 9: Appendix -- 9.1 Influence of External Electrical and Magnetic Fields on Physiological Function -- 9.1.1 Magnetostatic Fields -- 9.1.2 Electrostatic Fields -- 9.1.3 Electromagnetic Fields -- 9.1.3.1 Low-Frequency Electric Fields (50 Hz) -- 9.1.3.2 High Frequency Electric Fields (kHz - GHz) -- 9.1.3.3 Conclusion -- 9.2 A Laboratory Course: Two-Electrode Voltage Clamp (TEVC) -- 9.2.1 Motivation -- 9.2.2 Background -- 9.2.2.1 Electrical Characteristics of Biological Membranes -- The Membrane Potential -- The Membrane as an Electrical Unit -- Theoretical Background of Voltage Clamp -- The Principle of Voltage Clamp (See Sect. 3.4.5) -- Two-Electrode Voltage Clamp -- 9.2.3 Questions to Be Answered for the Course -- 9.2.4 Set-up and Basic Instructions -- 9.2.4.1 Experimental Set-up (See Fig. 9.6) -- 9.2.4.2 Preparation of Microelectrodes -- 9.2.4.3 Instructions for the Use of CellWorks Program for the Turbo TEC -- 9.2.4.4 Solutions -- 9.2.5 Experiments and Data Analysis -- 9.2.5.1 IV Characteristics -- Procedure -- Tasks. 327 $a9.2.5.2 Hypothesis Testing - the Paired-Sample T-Test -- 9.2.5.3 Determination of the Membrane Capacitance -- Procedure -- Tasks -- References -- Index. 606 $aElectrophysiology 615 0$aElectrophysiology. 676 $a612.813 700 $aRettinger$b Ju?rgen$01062905 702 $aSchwarz Linder$b Silvia 702 $aSchwarz$b W$g(Wolfgang), 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910544846703321 996 $aElectrophysiology$92529018 997 $aUNINA