LEADER 01861nam 2200541 450 001 996320723203316 005 20220818050634.0 010 $a0-8218-3381-2 035 $a(CKB)1000000000523289 035 $a(EBL)3112918 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000629370 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11439204 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000629370 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10718800 035 $a(PQKB)11053732 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3112918 035 $a(RPAM)1354989 035 $a(PPN)197103197 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000523289 100 $a19800911h19801980 uy| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aMarkov random fields and their applications /$fRoss Kindermann, J. Laurie Snell 210 1$aProvidence, Rhode Island :$cAmerican Mathematical Society,$d[1980] 210 4$dİ1980 215 $a1 online resource (156 p.) 225 1 $aContemporary mathematics,$v1$x0271-4132 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8218-5001-6 320 $aBibliography: pages 133-142. 327 $aContents -- Preface -- I. The Ising Model -- Ii. Markov Fields On Graphs -- Iii. Finite Lattices -- Iv. Dynamic Models -- V. The Tree Model -- Vi. Additional Applications -- Appendix 1 -- References. 410 0$aContemporary mathematics,$v1.$x0271-4132 606 $aMarkov random fields 615 0$aMarkov random fields. 676 $a519.2 700 $aKindermann$b Ross$f1950-$057798 702 $aSnell$b J. Laurie$g(James Laurie),$f1925-2011, 712 02$aAmerican Mathematical Society, 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996320723203316 996 $aMarkov Random Fields and their Applications$9381001 997 $aUNISA LEADER 05217oam 22013214 450 001 9910955023403321 005 20250426110632.0 010 $a9786613824875 010 $a9781462317530 010 $a1462317537 010 $a9781452793542 010 $a1452793549 010 $a9781283512428 010 $a1283512424 010 $a9781451908206 010 $a1451908202 035 $a(CKB)3360000000443480 035 $a(EBL)3014416 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000941477 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11577295 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000941477 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10964263 035 $a(PQKB)10938836 035 $a(OCoLC)698585714 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2006024 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3014416 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2006024 035 $aWPIEA2006024 035 $a(EXLCZ)993360000000443480 100 $a20020129d2006 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aImplications of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Ghana /$fMali Chivakul, Robert York 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2006. 215 $a1 online resource (47 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $a"January 2006." 311 08$a9781451862843 311 08$a1451862849 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $a""Contents""; ""I. INTRODUCTION""; ""II. FISCAL DEVELOPMENTS IN PERSPECTIVE""; ""III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR QUANTIFYING QUASI-FISCAL ACTIVITIES""; ""IV. THE SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF QUASI-FISCAL ACTIVITIES""; ""V. QUASI- FISCAL ACTIVITIES AND THE FISCAL POSITION""; ""VI. POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS""; ""REFERENCES""; ""Appendix I Alternative Approaches to Estimating Quasi-Fiscal Activities""; ""Appendix II Assumptions Underlying the Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis""; ""APPENDIX TABLES"" 330 3 $aThis paper assesses the scope and coverage of quasi-fiscal activities (QFAs) in Ghana. We find that while QFAs have been reduced recently, they remain significant. The extensive nature of these activities has several macroeconomic and structural policy implications. An extended measure of public sector operations, including QFAs, presents a clearer picture of Ghana's fiscal stance and fiscal adjustment from one for the central government alone; QFAs have led to serious distortions in energy and water consumption; and they have distorted the investment decisions of both public enterprises and the private sector. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2006/024 606 $aFiscal policy$zGhana 606 $aFinance, Public$zGhana 606 $aGovernment business enterprises$zGhana 606 $aBanking$2imf 606 $aBanks and Banking$2imf 606 $aBanks and banking$2imf 606 $aBanks$2imf 606 $aCentral Banks and Their Policies$2imf 606 $aCivil service & public sector$2imf 606 $aContingent liabilities$2imf 606 $aDepository Institutions$2imf 606 $aFinance, Public$2imf 606 $aFiscal policy$2imf 606 $aGovernment business enterprises$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aMicro Finance Institutions$2imf 606 $aMortgages$2imf 606 $aNationalization$2imf 606 $aNonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General$2imf 606 $aPublic Administration$2imf 606 $aPublic Enterprises$2imf 606 $aPublic enterprises$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aPublic ownership$2imf 606 $aPublic Sector Accounting and Audits$2imf 606 $aPublic sector$2imf 606 $aPublic-Private Enterprises$2imf 606 $aQuasi-fiscal operations$2imf 607 $aGhana$2imf 615 0$aFiscal policy 615 0$aFinance, Public 615 0$aGovernment business enterprises 615 7$aBanking 615 7$aBanks and Banking 615 7$aBanks and banking 615 7$aBanks 615 7$aCentral Banks and Their Policies 615 7$aCivil service & public sector 615 7$aContingent liabilities 615 7$aDepository Institutions 615 7$aFinance, Public 615 7$aFiscal policy 615 7$aGovernment business enterprises 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aMicro Finance Institutions 615 7$aMortgages 615 7$aNationalization 615 7$aNonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General 615 7$aPublic Administration 615 7$aPublic Enterprises 615 7$aPublic enterprises 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aPublic ownership 615 7$aPublic Sector Accounting and Audits 615 7$aPublic sector 615 7$aPublic-Private Enterprises 615 7$aQuasi-fiscal operations 700 $aChivakul$b Mali$01815685 701 $aYork$b Robert$01092056 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910955023403321 996 $aImplications of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Ghana$94371150 997 $aUNINA