LEADER 05464nam 2200685Ia 450 001 996214618403316 005 20200825142536.0 010 $a1-280-19725-0 010 $a9786610197255 010 $a1-4443-0553-0 010 $a1-4051-4470-X 035 $a(CKB)1000000000342024 035 $a(EBL)233050 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000148555 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11150606 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000148555 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10224628 035 $a(PQKB)11265874 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC233050 035 $a(PPN)204402336 035 $a(OCoLC)61266383 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000342024 100 $a20040714d2005 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aEnvironmental toxicity testing$b[electronic resource] /$fedited by K. Clive Thompson, Kirit Wadhia, Andreas Loibner 210 $aOxford $cBlackwell Publishing$dc2005 215 $a1 online resource (408 p.) 225 1 $aSheffield Analytical Chemistry Series 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4051-1819-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aEnvironmental Toxicity Testing; Contents; Preface; Contributors; 1 Historical perspective and overview; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Man and his environment - a growing dependency on chemicals; 1.2.1 Early times; 1.2.2 Chemicals development and environmental impact; 1.2.3 The chemical industry today; 1.3 Ecotoxicity testing and its role in decision-making; 1.3.1 The development of test methods; 1.3.2 The use of bioassays in the management and control; 1.4 Chemical legislation and drivers for change; 1.5 Change and challenges ahead; 1.5.1 Developments in the legislation concerning 327 $a1.5.2 Developments in the legislation concerning the1.5.3 Some of the challenges ahead; References; 2 Effective monitoring of the environment for toxicity; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Design of monitoring programmes; 2.2.1 Introduction; 2.2.2 Setting of information goals; 2.2.3 Selection of indicators of environmental quality; 2.2.4 Location and frequency of samples, and data analysis; 2.2.4.1 Comparison of ambient samples; 2.2.4.2 Trend analysis; 2.2.4.3 Breach of regulatory limits/compliance; 2.2.4.4 Assessment of environmental impact; 2.3 Quality issues in the use of bioassays 327 $a2.3.1 Sample collection, handling and pretreatment2.3.1.1 Sample collection and handling; 2.3.1.2 Sample pretreatment; 2.3.2 Test standardisation; 2.3.3 Variability in bioassay data; 2.3.3.1 How does variability arise?; 2.3.3.2 Why does variability matter?; 2.3.3.3 How much variability is there?; 2.3.3.4 Sources of variability; 2.3.3.5 How much variability is acceptable?; 2.3.3.6 How can variability be controlled?; 2.3.3.7 Defining limits for accuracy; 2.3.3.8 Defining limits for precision; 2.3.3.9 Test method development and the derivation; 2.4 Summary; References 327 $a3 The nature and chemistry of toxicants3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 History; 3.1.2 Properties; 3.1.3 Exposure; 3.1.4 Bioavailability; 3.1.5 Bioaccumulation; 3.1.6 Biomagnification; 3.1.7 Metabolism; 3.1.8 Effects of environmental toxicants; 3.1.9 Interactions between envirotoxicants; 3.2 Toxic metals; 3.2.1 Introduction; 3.2.2 Cadmium; 3.2.3 Mercury; 3.2.4 Lead; 3.2.5 Copper; 3.2.6 Tin; 3.3 Halogenated hydrocarbons; 3.3.1 Introduction; 3.3.2 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); 3.3.3 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs); 3.3.4 Polybrominated flame retardants (PBFRs) 327 $a3.3.5 Chlorinated pesticides/insecticides3.3.6 Other halogenated organic compounds of; 3.3.6.1 Chlorophenols; 3.3.6.2 Chlorinated paraffins; 3.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); 3.5 Medical and veterinary drugs; 3.6 Acid rain and acidification of the environment; References; 4 Frameworks for the application of toxicity data; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 Background and objectives; 4.2 The purpose of bioassays; 4.2.1 Toxicity tests within a triad of techniques; 4.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of toxicity testing; 4.3 Interpretation of toxicological data; 4.3.1 Field validation 327 $a4.3.2 Application factors 330 $aAs an integral component of environmental policy, it has become essential to regulate and monitor toxic substances. Past emphasis has been primarily on analytical approaches to the detection of specific, targeted contaminants, thus allowing chemical characterisation. However, toxicity testing or biological assessment is necessary for ecotoxicological evaluation, and this offers marked benefits and advantages that complement chemical analysis. Key issues to be addressed include identification of pertinent tests, reproducibility and robustness of these tests, and cost considerations.This b 410 0$aSheffield Analytical Chemistry Series 606 $aEnvironmental toxicology 606 $aEnvironmental monitoring 615 0$aEnvironmental toxicology. 615 0$aEnvironmental monitoring. 676 $a363.7364 676 $a615.902 676 $a615.9'02 701 $aThompson$b K. C$g(Kenneth Clive),$f1944-$0863899 701 $aWadhia$b Kirit$0863900 701 $aLoibner$b Andreas P$0863901 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996214618403316 996 $aEnvironmental toxicity testing$91928509 997 $aUNISA