LEADER 05403nam 2200721 a 450 001 996199267403316 005 20230421041445.0 010 $a1-282-84929-8 010 $a9786612849299 010 $a0-470-93536-7 010 $a1-59124-559-1 010 $a0-470-93535-9 035 $a(CKB)111056552538578 035 $a(EBL)624630 035 $a(OCoLC)699474876 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000071892 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11109876 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000071892 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10091173 035 $a(PQKB)10782393 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC624630 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111056552538578 100 $a19990323d1998 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aEstimating the flammable mass of a vapor cloud$b[electronic resource] /$fJohn L. Woodward 210 $aNew York $cCenter for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers$dc1998 215 $a1 online resource (326 p.) 225 1 $aCCPS concept book 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8169-0778-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 267-284) and index. 327 $aEstimating the Flammable Mass of a Vapor Cloud; CONTENTS; Preface; Acknowledgments; Glossary; Nomenclature; 1 INTRODUCTION; 1.1. Why Calculate Flammable Mass?; 1.2. How Are Flammable Mass Estimates Used?; 1.3. Other CCPS Publications; 2 OVERVIEW; 2.1. Context; 2.2. Objectives; 1.3. How to Use This Book; 3 INDUSTRY EXPERIENCES WITH FLAMMABLE VAPOR CLOUDS; 3.1. Property Losses from Vapor Cloud Accidents; 3.2. Examples of Vapor Cloud Events; 3.2.1. Bangkok, Thailand, LPG Vapor Cloud; 3.2.2. Saint Herblain, France, Gasoline Cloud, October 7,1991 327 $a3.2.3. Pampa, Texas, Hoechst-Celanese Explosion, November 17,19873.2.4. Monsanto Ethanol Explosion, Autumn, 1970; 3.2.5. Mexico City Vapor Cloud and Explosion, November 19,1984; 3.2.6. Pasadena, Texas Fire and Explosion, October 23,1989; 3.3. Examples with Postaccident Determination of Flammable Mass; 3.3.1. Flixborough Vapor Cloud Explosion, June 1,1974; 3.3.2. Piper Alpha North Sea Platform Fire, July 6,1988; 3.3.3. DSM Naphtha Cracker, Beek, the Netherlands, 7 November 1975; 4 BASIC CONCEPTS-FLUID FLOW, FIRES, AND EXPLOSIONS; 4.1. Discharge Characteristics 327 $a4.1.1. Single-Phase Discharge Rates from Tanks4.1.2. Single-Phase Discharge Rates from Pipes; 4.1.3. Two-Phase Discharge Rates from Tanks; 4.1.4. Two-Phase Discharge Rates from Pipes; 4.1.5. Aerosol Formation and Drop Size Correlations; 4.1.6. Rainout; 4.1.7. Pool Spread and Evaporation on Land; 4.2. Dispersion Factors; 4.2.1. Jet Mixing; 4.2.2. Meteorology; 4.2.3. Surface Roughness and Terrain; 4.2.4. Averaging Time; 4.2.5. Impingement and Cratering; 4.2.6. Obstacle Effects; 4.3. Sources of Ignition; 4.4. Flame Characteristics; 4.4.1. Flammable Limits; 4.4.2. Flammable Limits with Inerts 327 $a4.4.3. Autoignition Temperature for Gases4.4.4. Minimum Ignition Energy for Gases; 4.4.5. Flash Point; 4.4.6. Laminar Burning Velocity and Turbulent Flame Speed; 4.5. Aerosol Flammability; 4.6. Turbulence Effects; 4.6.1. Turbulence Effects of Jet Plume Ignition; 4.6.2. Turbulence and Pockets of Flammable Material; 4.7. Flash Fires; 4.8. Explosions; 4.8.1. Confinement and Congestion; 4.8.2. Effect of Concentration on Explosion Overpressure; 4.8.3. TNT Equivalence Explosion Models; 4.8.4. Volume Source Explosion Models; 4.8.5. Determining Fuel Reactivity 327 $a4.8.6. Determining Degree of Confinement4.8.7. Determining Level of Congestion; 4.8.8. Multiple Congested Volumes; 4.9. Minimum Flammable Mass for Vapor Cloud Explosions; 4.10. Probability of Vapor Cloud Ignition and Explosion; 5 DETERMINATION OF FLAMMABLE MASS; 5.1. Estimation Methods by Degree of Confinement; 5.2. Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Unconfined Vapor Clouds; 5.2.1. Screening: Rules of Thumb; 5.2.2. Calculating Flammable Mass with Dispersion Models; 5.3. Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Partially Confined Vapor Clouds 327 $a5.3.1. Estimating Flammable Mass for Potential Explosion Sites 330 $aThis CCPS Concept book shows designers and operators of chemical facilities how to realistically estimate the flammable mass in a cloud of accidentally released material that is capable of igniting. It provides information on industry experience with flammable vapor clouds, basic concepts of fires and explosions, and an overview of related computer programs. 410 0$aCCPS concept book. 606 $aVapors$xFlammability$xMathematical models 606 $aExplosions$xMathematical models 606 $aFire$xMathematical models 606 $aChemical plants$xSafety measures 606 $aFlammable gases 615 0$aVapors$xFlammability$xMathematical models. 615 0$aExplosions$xMathematical models. 615 0$aFire$xMathematical models. 615 0$aChemical plants$xSafety measures. 615 0$aFlammable gases. 676 $a660.2804 676 $a660/.2804 700 $aWoodward$b John Lowell$0856084 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996199267403316 996 $aEstimating the flammable mass of a vapor cloud$91911294 997 $aUNISA LEADER 01778nam 2200445 450 001 9910148617303321 005 20121024094542.0 010 $a1-63459-091-0 035 $a(CKB)3710000000921622 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5245771 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000921622 100 $a20180313h20122012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aInternational human rights /$fby Malone, Linda A 210 1$aSaint Paul, Minnesota :$cWest,$d2012. 210 4$dİ2012 215 $a1 online resource (201 pages) 225 1 $aBlack letter outlines 311 $a0-314-18054-0 327 $aRights of individuals -- Human rights & the United Nations -- Fundamental human rights -- Newly emerging rights and fundamental rights recognized as customary international law -- Derogation from protection of rights -- The international courts -- Regional organizations -- Regional human rights law & institutions -- Humanitarian intervention by the U.N. -- Humanitarian intervention by states -- The humanitarian law of armed conflict -- Sources of human rights law -- General principles of law -- Extradition -- Enforcement of human rights law in the U.S. & other domestic courts. 410 0$aBlack letter outlines. 606 $aHuman rights 606 $aInternational law 608 $aOutlines and syllabi.$2lcgft 608 $aStudy guides.$2lcgft 615 0$aHuman rights. 615 0$aInternational law. 676 $a341.48 700 $aMalone$b Linda A.$0151525 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910148617303321 996 $aInternational human rights$92878230 997 $aUNINA