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Introduction; II. Emigration and Sustainability; III. Asset Returns and Portfolio Allocation; IV. Other Age-Related Spending; V. Policy Recommendations; Figures; 1. Demographic Profile, 2005-60; 2. Social Security Reserve Assets per Actuarial Reviews; 3. Countries with the Largest Emigration to OECD, 1970-2000; 4. Estimates of Annual Emigration Rates, 2000; 5. Demographic Profile with Constant Emigration at the Historical OECD Rate, 2005-60; 6. Projected Year of Pension Fund Reserve Asset Depletion; 7. Social Security Reserve Portfolio Asset Allocations 327 $a8. Average Age-Related Expenditure, 2004-069. Costs of Aging, 2006 vs. 2050; References 330 3 $aThe demographic transition in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) now underway is rapid compared with international experience, and emigration is playing a particularly large role. This paper describes and quantifies several factors which could magnify the challenge of pension reform. First, for some ECCU countries, continued emigration at historical rates would considerably advance the projected date at which pension scheme assets are depleted. Second, there is a significant risk that assets will underperform, given the large exposures to the highly-leveraged public sector and to a lesser extent the record with private sector investments. Third, portfolio diversification away from the public sector could be complicated by age-related pressure for greater central government health spending. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2009/038 606 $aPensions 606 $aLabor$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aEmigration and Immigration$2imf 606 $aPension Funds$2imf 606 $aNon-bank Financial Institutions$2imf 606 $aFinancial Instruments$2imf 606 $aInstitutional Investors$2imf 606 $aUrban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Regional Migration$2imf 606 $aRegional Labor Markets$2imf 606 $aPopulation$2imf 606 $aNonwage Labor Costs and Benefits$2imf 606 $aPrivate Pensions$2imf 606 $aInternational Migration$2imf 606 $aSocial Security and Public Pensions$2imf 606 $aPublic Enterprises$2imf 606 $aPublic-Private Enterprises$2imf 606 $aNational Government Expenditures and Health$2imf 606 $aPensions$2imf 606 $aMigration, immigration & emigration$2imf 606 $aCivil service & public sector$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aMigration$2imf 606 $aPension spending$2imf 606 $aPublic sector$2imf 606 $aHealth care spending$2imf 606 $aExpenditure$2imf 606 $aPopulation and demographics$2imf 606 $aEconomic sectors$2imf 606 $aEmigration and immigration$2imf 606 $aFinance, Public$2imf 606 $aExpenditures, Public$2imf 607 $aAntigua and Barbuda$2imf 615 0$aPensions. 615 7$aLabor 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aEmigration and Immigration 615 7$aPension Funds 615 7$aNon-bank Financial Institutions 615 7$aFinancial Instruments 615 7$aInstitutional Investors 615 7$aUrban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Regional Migration 615 7$aRegional Labor Markets 615 7$aPopulation 615 7$aNonwage Labor Costs and Benefits 615 7$aPrivate Pensions 615 7$aInternational Migration 615 7$aSocial Security and Public Pensions 615 7$aPublic Enterprises 615 7$aPublic-Private Enterprises 615 7$aNational Government Expenditures and Health 615 7$aPensions 615 7$aMigration, immigration & emigration 615 7$aCivil service & public sector 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aMigration 615 7$aPension spending 615 7$aPublic sector 615 7$aHealth care spending 615 7$aExpenditure 615 7$aPopulation and demographics 615 7$aEconomic sectors 615 7$aEmigration and immigration 615 7$aFinance, Public 615 7$aExpenditures, Public 700 $aMonroe$b Hunter$01472700 712 02$aInternational Monetary Fund. 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910788346703321 996 $aCan the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Afford to Grow Old$93716518 997 $aUNINA