LEADER 01332nam0 2200337 450 001 000027599 005 20100705160239.0 010 $a3540728228 010 $a9783540728221 100 $a20100705d2007----km-y0itay50------ba 101 0 $aeng 102 $aUS 105 $ay-------001yy 200 1 $aScale space and variational methods in computer vision$efirst international conference, SSVM 2007, Ischia, Italy, May 30 - June 2, 2007$fFiorella Sgallari, Almerico Murli, Nikos Paragios, editors$eproceedings 210 $aNew York$cSpringer$dc2007 215 $axv, 931 p.$cill.$d24 cm 225 2 $aLecture notes in computer science$v4485 410 0$12001$aLecture notes in computer science$v4485 500 10$aScale space and variational methods in computer vision$942575 610 1 $aImmagini$aElaborazione digitale 610 1 $aCongressi$a2007 676 $a006.37$v21$9Intelligenza artificiale. 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Richard Heys, Thomas Moenius 210 $aChichester, United Kingdom $cWiley$d2009 215 $a1 online resource (684 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-470-51607-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aPreparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14; Contents; Preface; Glossary; Author Biographies; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Physical Properties of Tritium and Carbon-14; 1.2 Purification; 1.3 Analysis; 1.3.1 Chemical Identity; 1.3.2 Chemical (and Enantiomeric) Purity; 1.3.3 Radiochemical (and Radionuclidic) Purity; 1.3.4 Specific Activity; 1.3.5 Position of Label; 1.4 Stability and Storage of Compounds Labeled with Tritium or Carbon-14; 1.5 Specialist Techniques and Equipment; References; 2 Strategies for Target Preparation; 2.1 Formulating Target Specifications 327 $a2.2 Planning Radiotracer Preparations2.2.1 The Construction Strategy; 2.2.2 Reconstitution Strategies; 2.2.3 The Derivatization Strategy; 2.2.4 Selection of an Appropriate Strategy; 2.2.5 Case Studies of Strategy Development; References; 3 Preparation of Tritium-Labeled Compounds by Isotope Exchange Reactions; 3.1 Homogeneous Acid- or Base-Catalyzed Exchange; 3.1.1 Exchange without Added Acid or Base; 3.1.2 Exchange under Acidic Conditions; 3.1.3 Exchange under Basic Conditions; 3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis with Tritium in Solvent; 3.2.1 Metals; 3.2.2 Other Catalysts 327 $a3.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Solution with Tritium Gas3.3.1 Metal Catalysts with Nonreducible Substrates in Aqueous Solution; 3.3.2 Metal Catalysts with Nonreducible Substrates in Organic Solvents; 3.3.3 Other Catalysts; 3.3.4 Metal Catalysts with Reducible Substrates; 3.4 Homogeneous Catalysis in Solution with Tritiated Water; 3.4.1 Exchange Catalyzed by Metal Salts; 3.4.2 Exchange Catalyzed by Organoruthenium Complexes; 3.4.3 Exchange Catalyzed by Iridium Dionates; 3.4.4 Exchange Catalyzed by Iridium Cyclopentadienides; 3.5 Homogeneous Catalysis with Tritium Gas; 3.5.1 Iridium Phosphines 327 $a3.5.2 Iridium Dionate Complexes3.5.3 Iridium Cyclopentadienide Complexes; 3.6 Solvent-Free Catalytic Exchange; 3.6.1 High-Temperature Solid-State Catalytic Isotope Exchange; 3.6.2 Thermal Tritium Atom Bombardment; 3.6.3 Other Radiation-Induced Labeling Methods; References; 4 Preparation of Tritium-Labeled Compounds by Chemical Synthesis; 4.1 Catalytic Tritiations; 4.1.1 Tritiation of Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds; 4.1.2 Tritiation of Carbon-Heteroatom Multiple Bonds; 4.1.3 Homogeneously Catalyzed Reactions; 4.2 Catalytic Tritiolyses; 4.2.1 Tritiodehalogenations 327 $a4.2.2 Tritiolyses of Benzylic N- and O-Functions4.2.3 Tritiodesulfurizations; 4.3 Tritide Reductions; 4.3.1 Sodium Borotritide (NaB3H4 ); 4.3.2 Sodium Cyanoborotritide (NaB3H3CN); 4.3.3 Sodium/Tetramethylammonium Triacetoxyborotritide [Na/NMe4B3H(OAc)3]; 4.3.4 Lithium Tritide (Li3H); 4.3.5 Lithium Borotritide (LiB3H4); 4.3.6 Lithium Triethylborotritide (LiEt3B3H, Li-Super-Tritide); 4.3.7 Lithium Tri-sec-Butylborotritide [Li(sec-Bu3)B3H, Li T-Selectride]; 4.3.8 Lithium [3H2]Boratabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane; 4.3.9 Tritiated Borane (THF-Complex) (B2 3H6; B3H3 .THF); 4.3.10 Tritiated Alkylboranes 327 $a4.3.11 Lithium Aluminum Tritide (LiAl3H4) 330 $aCompounds labeled with carbon-14 and tritium are indispensable tools for research in biomedical sciences, discovery and development of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Preparation of Compounds Labeled with Tritium and Carbon-14 is a comprehensive, authoritative and up-to-date discussion of the strategies, synthetic approaches, reactions techniques, and resources for the preparation of compounds labeled with either of these isotopes. A large number of examples are presented for the use of isotopic sources and building blocks in the preparation of labeled target compounds, illustratin 606 $aOrganic compounds$xSynthesis 606 $aRadiolabeling 606 $aTritium 606 $aCarbon$xIsotopes 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aOrganic compounds$xSynthesis. 615 0$aRadiolabeling. 615 0$aTritium. 615 0$aCarbon$xIsotopes. 676 $a547.2 676 $a572.36 676 $a572/.36 700 $aVoges$b R$g(Rolf)$0933999 701 $aHeys$b J. R$g(J. Richard)$0934000 701 $aMoenius$b Thomas$0934001 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910146144203321 996 $aPreparation of compounds labeled with tritium and carbon-14$92102788 997 $aUNINA LEADER 10877nam 2200553 450 001 9910830249703321 005 20231222033250.0 010 $a1-119-70035-3 010 $a1-119-70033-7 035 $a(CKB)29277044000041 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC30999461 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL30999461 035 $a(OCoLC)1412622811 035 $a(EXLCZ)9929277044000041 100 $a20231222d2024 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aClouds and Their Climatic Impact $eRadiation, Circulation, and Precipitation /$fedited by Sylvia C. Sullivan and Corinna Hoose 205 $aFirst edition. 210 1$aHoboken, NJ :$cWiley-American Geophysical Union,$d[2024] 210 4$d©2024 215 $a1 online resource (368 pages) 225 1 $aGeophysical Monograph Series ;$vVolume 281 311 08$a9781119700319 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Science of Cloud and Climate Science: An Analysis of the Literature Over the Past 50 Years -- 1.1 Research on Clouds and Climate -- 1.1.1 Science of Science for Clouds and Climate -- 1.1.2 Publication Data and Methods -- 1.2 Publications on Clouds and Climate -- 1.2.1 Citation and Readability -- 1.3 The Role of Clouds in Radiation, Circulation, and Precipitation -- 1.4 Methodology in Clouds and Climate -- 1.4.1 Techniques -- 1.4.2 Authorship -- 1.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Availability Statement -- References -- Part I Clouds and Radiation -- Chapter 2 An Overview of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions -- 2.1 Introduction and Motivation -- 2.1.1 The Importance of Aerosol?Cloud Interactions for Climate -- 2.1.2 Outline and Aims of this Review -- 2.2 How aerosols affect different cloud types -- 2.3 Aerosol Activation -- 2.4 Warm Cloud Albedo -- 2.5 Approaches to Determining Susceptibility -- 2.6 New Methodological Approaches -- 2.6.1 Gaussian?Process Emulation to Address State Dependence -- 2.6.2 Tendency Emulation to Address Time Dependence of Adjustments -- 2.6.3 Causality of LWP Adjustments -- 2.6.4 Causality Inference from Transient Events -- 2.6.5 Ensemble Approaches to Uncertainty Quantification and Reduction in GCMs -- 2.6.6 Regime Classification -- 2.7 Aerosol Effects on Ice and Mixed?Phase Clouds -- 2.8 Semi?Direct Effects -- 2.9 Field Experiments -- 2.10 New Satellite Products -- 2.11 Outlooks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Ice Crystal Complexity and Link to the Cirrus Cloud Radiative Effect -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ice Crystal Morphological Complexity Across Scales -- 3.2.1 Types of Morphological Complexity -- 3.2.2 Complexity Metrics -- 3.3 Observations of Complex Crystals. 327 $a3.3.1 Microscopic Observations of Ice Morphology Associated with Complexity -- 3.3.2 Deriving Mesoscopic Complexity from High?Resolution Angular Light Scattering Patterns -- 3.3.3 Remote Sensing of Ice Crystal Complexity -- 3.3.4 Synthesis of Ice Crystal Complexity Observations -- 3.4 Light Scattering by Complex Crystals -- 3.4.1 Computer Simulation of Angular Light Scattering by Ice Crystals -- 3.4.2 In situ Observations of Ice Crystal Angular Light Scattering Functions and Ice Cloud Asymmetry Parameter -- 3.4.3 Ice Cloud Asymmetry Parameter Inferred from Space?Borne Remote Sensing Observations -- 3.5 The Impact of Crystal Complexity on Ice Cloud Radiative Effect -- 3.5.1 Estimating Ice Cloud CRE -- 3.5.2 Uncertainty in Cirrus CRE Estimations Caused by Crystal Complexity -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 3.7 Recommendations for Future Work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Cloud-Radiation Interactions and Cloud-Climate Feedbacks From an Active-Sensor Satellite Perspective -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cloud?Radiation Interactions -- 4.2.1 Cloud Radiative Heating Rates -- 4.2.2 Cloud Radiative Effects as a Function of the Cloud Phase -- 4.2.3 Multilayered Clouds -- 4.3 Constraining Cloud Feedbacks -- 4.3.1 Different Cloud Feedbacks -- 4.3.2 Interannual Cloud Feedbacks -- 4.3.3 Sc and Shallow Cu Clouds -- 4.3.4 Inferring Low?Cloud Feedbacks from Observations -- 4.3.5 Extratropical (Opacity) Cloud Feedbacks -- 4.3.6 High?Level Cloud Feedbacks -- 4.3.7 Radiative Kernel?Based Cloud Feedbacks -- 4.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Cloud Types -- Chapter 5 A Review of the Factors Influencing Arctic Mixed?Phase Clouds: Progress and Outlook -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The formation and characteristics of Arctic mixed?phase clouds -- 5.3 Factors that control Arctic clouds -- 5.3.1 Thermodynamic Structure of the Arctic Atmosphere. 327 $a5.3.2 Temperature Inversions -- 5.3.3 Moisture Inversions -- 5.3.4 Warm and Moist Air Intrusions -- 5.3.5 Large?Scale Subsidence -- 5.3.6 Aerosol Particles -- 5.4 A brief survey of Arctic field campaigns targeting cloud?controlling factors -- 5.4.1 Overview -- 5.5 Insights on Arctic Cloud?Controlling Factors Gained from ACLOUD, PASCAL, and AFLUX -- 5.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Extratropical Cloud Feedbacks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Consistent Features of the Observational Record -- 6.3 GCM Responses to Warming -- 6.4 Processes Contributing to Extratropical SW Cloud Feedback -- 6.4.1 Summary of Processes -- 6.4.2 Boundary?Layer Cloud Changes -- 6.4.3 Ice, Liquid, and Mixed?Phase -- 6.4.4 Hydrological Cycle Changes -- 6.4.5 Aerosol?Cloud Interactions -- 6.4.6 Radiative Response to Cloud Changes -- 6.5 Prospects -- 6.5.1 Precipitation Efficiency -- 6.5.2 Aerosol?Cloud Interactions -- 6.5.3 Boundary?Layer Clouds in Cold Air Outbreaks -- 6.5.4 Improving Comparisons Between Models and Observations -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 7 Tropical Marine Low Clouds: Feedbacks to Warming and on Climate Variability -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Climatological Characteristics of Tropical Low Clouds and Their Impacts on Earth's Radiation Budget -- 7.1.2 The Simplest Model of the Marine Boundary Layer -- 7.1.3 How do Cloud?Controlling Factors Impact Tropical Low Clouds? -- 7.2 RESPONSE OF TRADE CUMULUS AND STRATOCUMULUS TO WARMING -- 7.2.1 Forcing?Feedback Studies -- 7.2.2 Constraints from Observed Natural Variability -- 7.2.3 Why the Trade Cumulus Feedback likely Differs from that of Stratocumulus -- 7.2.4 Outlook -- 7.3 ROLE OF LOW CLOUDS IN VARIATIONS IN CLIMATE -- 7.3.1 Cloud?Ocean Coupling -- 7.3.2 Low?Cloud Feedbacks and Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature. 327 $a7.4 MESOSCALE ORGANIZATION AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR CLOUD FEEDBACKS -- 7.4.1 Observed Mesoscale Organization of Low Clouds -- 7.4.2 Unknown Mesoscale Organization Feedbacks -- 7.5 RECENT ADVANCES IN AND PROSPECTS FOR HIGH?RESOLUTION MODELING OF LOW CLOUDS -- 7.5.1 Limitations of GCMs -- 7.5.2 Current State of High?Resolution Models -- 7.5.3 New Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Mechanisms for the Self-Organization of Tropical Deep Convection -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Observing large?scale tropical cloud clustering -- 8.3 Organizational mechanisms -- 8.3.1 Feedbacks Between Radiation, Moisture, and Circulation -- 8.3.2 Coarsening dynamics through local moisture feedbacks -- 8.3.3 Cold pools -- 8.3.4 Surface heat fluxes -- 8.3.5 Effects of cold pools on organization -- 8.3.6 Interaction of cold pools and system scale circulations -- 8.3.7 Interactive surface temperatures -- 8.4 Temporally Varying surface conditions and the diurnal cycle -- 8.4.1 The quest for the origin of observed convective clustering -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 An Overview of Mesoscale Convective Systems: Global Climatology, Satellite Observations, and Modeling Strategies -- 9.1 An Overview of Mesoscale Convective Systems -- 9.2 Mesoscale Convective Systems in the Tropics -- 9.2.1 Interaction of MCSs with the El Niño Southern Oscillation -- 9.2.2 Interactions of MCSs with Monsoons -- 9.2.3 Interactions of MCSs with the Madden?Julian Oscillation -- 9.3 Mesoscale Convective Systems Over the Midlatitudes -- 9.4 Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Convective Systems -- 9.4.1 Remote Sensing of Mesoscale Convective System?Microphysical Interactions -- 9.4.2 Remote Sensing of the Mesoscale Convective System Life Cycle -- 9.4.3 Remote Sensing of Mesoscale Convective System?Land Surface Interactions. 327 $a9.5 Modeling of Mesoscale Convective Systems -- 9.5.1 Parameterization and Resolution Improvements -- 9.5.2 Model Physics Improvements -- 9.5.3 Convection?Permitting Models for Climate Simulations -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Part III Clouds and Circulation -- Chapter 10 Interactions Between the Tropical Atmospheric Overturning Circulation and Clouds in Present and Future Climates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Future Changes to the Tropical Overturning Circulation -- 10.3 Future Changes to Clouds -- 10.4 Observational Evidence of Changes to Clouds and the Tropical Overturning Circulation -- 10.5 Toward an Improved Mechanistic Understanding of Cloud?Circulation Interactions -- 10.6 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Availability Statement -- References -- Chapter 11 Clouds and Radiatively Induced Circulations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Clouds and Tropospheric Diabatic Circulations -- 11.3 Low clouds and shallow circulations -- 11.3.1 Mechanism of Shallow Circulations -- 11.3.2 Shallow Circulations and Aggregation of Convection -- 11.3.3 Observed Shallow Circulations -- 11.4 Responses of tropical high clouds to the CRE?AH -- 11.4.1 TTL Cirrus -- 11.4.2 Anvil Clouds -- References -- Chapter 12 The Small-Scale Mixing of Clouds With Their Environment: Impacts on Micro- and Macroscale Cloud Properties -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Entrainment and Mixing in Warm Clouds -- 12.3 The Theory of Small?Scale Mixing -- 12.3.1 The Damköhler Number -- 12.3.2 The Mixing Diagram -- 12.4 Investigating Small?Scale Mixing -- 12.4.1 Observations -- 12.4.2 Numerical Modeling -- 12.5 Effects of Small?Scale Mixing -- 12.5.1 Microscale Impacts -- 12.5.2 Macroscale Impacts -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV Clouds and Precipitation -- Chapter 13 Precipitation Efficiency and Climate Sensitivity -- 13.1 Introduction. 327 $a13.2 Defining Precipitation Efficiency. 410 0$aGeophysical monograph ;$vVolume 281. 606 $aClouds 606 $aClimatic changes 615 0$aClouds. 615 0$aClimatic changes. 676 $a551.576 702 $aSullivan$b Sylvia C. 702 $aHoose$b Corinna 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910830249703321 996 $aClouds and Their Climatic Impact$94119654 997 $aUNINA