LEADER 00960nam0 22002531i 450 001 UON00190018 005 20231205103210.590 010 $a52-7900-488-X 100 $a20030730d1991 |0itac50 ba 101 $arus 102 $aSU 105 $a|||| ||||| 200 1 $aVoennye den'gi vtoroj mirovoj vojny. / B.V. Senilov 210 $aMoskva$cFinansy i statistika$d1991. 128 p. ; tav. ; 20 cm. 606 $aBANCONOTE 1938-1945$3UONC038984$2FI 620 $aRU$dMoskva$3UONL003152 700 1$aSENILOV$bBoris V.$3UONV111190$0677359 712 $aFinansy i statistika$3UONV265950$4650 801 $aIT$bSOL$c20241213$gRICA 899 $aSIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEO$2UONSI 912 $aUON00190018 950 $aSIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEO$dSI EO DUOMO IX $eSI EO 24995 5 996 $aVoennye den'gi vtoroj mirovoj vojny$91295076 997 $aUNIOR LEADER 06490oam 22010814 450 001 9910960565603321 005 20250426110947.0 010 $a9786612844560 010 $a9781462323470 010 $a1462323472 010 $a9781282844568 010 $a1282844563 010 $a9781452721804 010 $a1452721807 010 $a9781451874082 010 $a1451874081 035 $a(CKB)3170000000055394 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000952305 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11588817 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000952305 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10902953 035 $a(PQKB)10947997 035 $a(OCoLC)680613492 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1605987 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2009263 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2009263 035 $aWPIEA2009263 035 $a(EXLCZ)993170000000055394 100 $a20020129d2009 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aEstimating Demand for IMF Financing by Low-Income Countries in Response to Shocks /$fYasemin Bal Gunduz 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2009. 215 $a55 p. $cill 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9781451918243 311 08$a1451918240 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aIntro -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. Literature Review -- III. Stylized Facts on LIC Landscape and Fund Financing -- IV. Potential Economic Determinants of Participation in IMF Arrangements -- V. Methodology -- A. Identification of the Dependent Variable: Approval of IMF Arrangements -- B. Econometric Specification -- VI. Results -- A. Estimation Results: Benchmark Specifications -- B. Goodness of Fit -- C. The Threshold Probability Analysis -- D. Effects of Explanatory Variables on the Probability of Financing Events -- VII. Robustness Checks -- A. Logit versus Probit Model -- B. Alternative Probit Estimators for the Country Specific Heterogeneity -- C. Is There a Persistence Caused by Previous Fund Programs? -- D. Natural Disasters: Why Omitted from the Financing Events? -- E. The Effect of Export Concentration: Non-oil Commodities -- F. Fund Financing to CFA versus Non-CFA Countries -- VIII. Concluding Remarks -- Appendices -- References -- Figures -- 1. Fund Financing to LICs for Policy and/or Exogenous Shocks (1980-2008) -- 2. Low Income Countries: Selected Economic Indicators (1980-2007) -- 3. Distribution of Reserve Coverage in the Sample Prior to Financing Events versus Normal Episodes: CFA versus Non-CFA Countries -- 4. Threshold Probability Analysis -- 5. Model I: Counterfactual Simulations-Effects of Explanatory Variables on the Probability of Fund Financing -- 6. Model II: Counterfactual Simulations-Effects of Explanatory Variables on the Probability of Fund Financing -- 7. Comparison of Predicted Probabilities: Probit versus Logit Estimates -- Tables -- 1. Estimation Results: Demand for the Fund Financing in Response to Shocks -- 2. Predicted Probabilities (Percentiles) -- 3. Values of Explanatory Variables in Counterfactual Simulations -- 4. Financing for Natural Disasters: Estimation Results. 327 $a5. The Effect of Export Concentration: Non-oil Commodities -- 6. Model I: The Fund Financing to Non-CFA Countries -- Box 1. Why A Composite Indicator for Macroeconomic Stability? -- Appendices I. Data -- Appendix Tables -- A1. Country List: Estimation Sample -- A2. Model I Policy and Exogenous Shocks: Estimation Results for Alternative Specifications -- A3. Model II Exogenous Shocks: Estimation Results for Alternative Specifications -- A4. Model I Policy and Exogenous Shocks: Comparison of Alternative Estimators and Average Partial Effects -- A5. Model II Exogenous Shocks: Comparison of Alternative Estimators and Average Partial Effects -- A6. Effect of Previous Fund Engagement. 330 3 $aThis paper estimates factors affecting demand for Fund financing by Low-Income Countries (LICs) in response to policy and exogenous shocks. Various economic variables including reserve coverage, current account balance to GDP, real GDP growth, macroeconomic stability, and terms of trade shocks are found to be significant determinants of Fund financing. Moreover, global conditions, including changes in real oil and non-oil commodity prices and world trade, are also significant. Therefore, the demand for Fund financing by LICs is likely to be cyclical in response to common shocks with its intensity depending on the severity and persistence of adverse shocks. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2009/263 606 $aFinancial crises 606 $aBalance of payments need$2imf 606 $aBalance of payments$2imf 606 $aCommodity Markets$2imf 606 $aCommodity prices$2imf 606 $aCurrent Account Adjustment$2imf 606 $aCurrent account balance$2imf 606 $aEconomic policy$2imf 606 $aEmpirical Studies of Trade$2imf 606 $aEnergy: Demand and Supply$2imf 606 $aExports and Imports$2imf 606 $aInternational economics$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aNternational cooperation$2imf 606 $aOil prices$2imf 606 $aPrices$2imf 606 $aShort-term Capital Movements$2imf 606 $aTerms of trade$2imf 607 $aDeveloping countries 607 $aUnited States$2imf 615 0$aFinancial crises. 615 7$aBalance of payments need 615 7$aBalance of payments 615 7$aCommodity Markets 615 7$aCommodity prices 615 7$aCurrent Account Adjustment 615 7$aCurrent account balance 615 7$aEconomic policy 615 7$aEmpirical Studies of Trade 615 7$aEnergy: Demand and Supply 615 7$aExports and Imports 615 7$aInternational economics 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aNternational cooperation 615 7$aOil prices 615 7$aPrices 615 7$aShort-term Capital Movements 615 7$aTerms of trade 676 $a332.152 700 $aBal Gunduz$b Yasemin$01816159 712 02$aInternational Monetary Fund. 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910960565603321 996 $aEstimating Demand for IMF Financing by Low-Income Countries in Response to Shocks$94371901 997 $aUNINA