LEADER 11388nam 2200637Ia 450 001 9911102656003321 005 20251117080544.0 010 $a1-61209-048-6 035 $a(CKB)2670000000160551 035 $a(EBL)3018938 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000687872 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12286451 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000687872 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10755795 035 $a(PQKB)10930295 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3018938 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3018938 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10662744 035 $a(OCoLC)780443162 035 $a(BIP)32623248 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000160551 100 $a20110509d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aChromium $eenvironmental, medical, and materials studies /$feditor, Margaret P. Salden 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aNew York $cNova Science Publishers$dc2011 215 $a1 online resource (400 p.) 225 0 $aChemical engineering methods and technology 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a1-61122-656-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntro -- CHROMIUM: ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL AND MATERIALS STUDIES -- CHROMIUM: ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL AND MATERIALS STUDIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM CONTAMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM IS IMPORTANT -- 2.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Chromium -- 2.2. Chromium Use -- 2.3. Chromium Regulations in Wastewater -- 3. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL -- 3.1. Precipitation -- 3.2. Ion Exchange -- 3.3. Reverse Osmosis -- 3.4. Adsorption Method -- Physisorption -- Chemisorption -- 4. CR(VI) ADSORPTION FROM WASTEWATER BY COIR PITH -- 4.1. Coir Pith -- 4.2. Adsorption Isotherm for Cr(VI) Adsorption by Coir Pith -- 4.2.1. Langmuir isotherm -- 4.2.2. Freundlich isotherm -- 4.3. Mechanism of Chromium Adsorption by Coir Pith -- 4.3.1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) -- 4.3.2. FTIR Spectroscopy -- 4.3.3. Electron spin resonance (ESR) -- 4.4.4. Desorption -- 5. INCREASING CR(VI) ADSORPTION BY COIR PITH GRAFTED WITH CHEMICAL REAGENTS -- 6. APPLICATION OF COLUMN STUDY FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER -- 6.1. Effect of Flow Rate on the Breakthrough Curves -- 6.2. Bed Depth Service time (BDST) Model -- 6.3. Application of the Thomas Model -- 6.4. Desorption and Column Regeneration -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 CHROMIUM TOXICITY: FREE RADICAL ASPECTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. CHROMIUM AS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES -- 1.1. Chromium Characteristics -- 1.2. Natural Sources of Chromium -- 1.3. Anthropogenic Sources of Chromium -- 2. CHROMIUM ABSORPTION AND RELEASE BY LIVING ORGANISMS -- 3. CHROMIUM-INDUCED GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES -- 3.1. Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress -- 3.2. Involvement of Chromium in Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. 327 $a4. CHROMIUM-MEDIATED ROS-INDUCED MODIFICATION OF CELLULAR MACROMOLECULES -- 4.1. Damage to Proteins -- 4.2. Damage to Lipids -- 4.3. DNA Breakage -- 5. TOXICITY OF CHROMIUM -- 5.1. Mutagenicity -- 5.2. Cytoxicity -- 5.3. Immunotoxicity -- 6. BIOLOGICAL REDUCTION OF CHROMIUM -- 6.1. Enzymatic Reduction of Chromium -- 6.2. Reduction of Chromium by Low Molecular Mass Compounds: Glutathione and Ascorbate -- 7. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS -- 7.1. Stabilization of HIF-1? -- 7.2. Activation of P53 Nuclear Factor -- 7.3. Activation of Nrf2/Keap1 System -- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 CHROMIUM IN MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM FOR MEMS TECHNOLOGY -- Mechanical and Physical Properties -- Chemical Properties -- Thin Film Deposition Techniques -- Sputtering -- Evaporation -- Electroplating -- Wet Chemical Etching of Chromium -- Dry Etching of Chromium -- Chromium in Lithographic Masks -- Hard Masks -- Adhesion Layers -- Chromium Alloys -- Thin Films Resistors -- Other Applications -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 THE CELLULAR RESPONSE TO CHROMIUM (VI) - INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- ABSTRACT -- I. CHROMIUM EXPOSURE -- II. TYPES OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- III. REPAIR OF CHROMIUM-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE -- Nucleotide Excision Repair -- Base Excision Repair -- Repair of Double-Strand Breaks and Replication-Associated Damage -- Mismatch Repair -- Checkpoint Control through DNA Damage Signaling -- IV. THE ROLE OF THE DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE IN CR(VI)-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS -- V. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 CHROMIUM PICOLINATE INDUCES DNA DAMAGE, SENESCENCE AND CELL DEATH IN NORMAL COLONIC FIBROBLASTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Cell Line. 327 $aTreatments -- Chemiluminescent Quantitation of DNA Synthesis -- Cell Cycle Analysis -- Measurement of Oxidative Stress -- Measurement of DNA Damage - Comet Assay -- ERK, P38 and JNK Activities -- Immunoblotting -- Epigenetic Assay -- Cellular Senescence Assay -- Cell Death Analysis -- Criteria for Determination of Type of Cell Death -- Statistics -- 3. RESULTS -- DNA Synthesis and Cell Cycle -- DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress -- EPIGENETIC CHANGES -- MAPK Activities -- Cellular Senescence and Cell Death -- Effects of Pharmacological Inhibitors on Senescence, -- Apoptosis and Autophagy -- 4. DISCUSSION -- 5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 CHROMIUM COMPLEXES BASED CATALYSTS: THE ROLE OF THE LIGAND NATURE IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF CONJUGATED DIOLEFINS AND CYCLOOLEFINS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. POLYMERIZATION OF 1,3-DIENES -- 2.1. Polydienes: Structures and Polymerization Mechanism -- 2.2. Ziegler-Natta Chromium Catalysts -- 2.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Diphosphine Chromium Complexes -- 2.4. Diphosphine Chromium Complexes Based Catalysts -- 2.5. Polymerization of Substituted Butadienes -- 2.6. Mechanistic Considerations -- 2.7. Butadiene-Isoprene Copolymerization -- 3. POLYMERIZATION OF NORBORNENE -- 3.1. Polynorbornenes: Modes of Polymerization and Structures -- 3.2. Polymerization of Norbornene with Chromium Catalysts -- 4. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS BASED ON CHROMIUM SITES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION -- 2.1. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Amorphous Materials -- Effect of Hydroxyl Population -- Effect of Support Chemical Composition -- Effect of Support Porosity -- 2.2. Chromium Catalysts Supported on Mesostructured Materials. 327 $a3. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR OXIDATION REACTIONS -- 3.1. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for Cyclohexane Oxidation -- 3.2. Heterogenous Chromium Catalysts for the Oxidation of Other -- Organic Compounds -- 4. CHROMIUM CATALYSTS FOR DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS -- 5. FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 MACROPOROUS AND NON-POROUS AMINO-FUNCTIONALIZED GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE BASED COPOLYMERS FOR HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SORPTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Analysis and Spectroscopy -- 2.3. Preparation of PGME -- 2.4. Functionalization of PGME with Diethylene Triamine -- 2.5. Chromium Sorption Batch Experiments -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Synthetic Aspects -- 3.2. Chromium(VI) Sorption on Amino-Functionalized PGME -- 3.3. Kinetic Models -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM POLLUTED WATER THROUGH BIOSORPTION - AN ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY APPROACH -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HEAVY METAL POLLUTION -- CHROMIUM -- COMMON METAL REMOVAL TECHNIQUES -- BIOSORPTION - A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL AND ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 RECYCLING OF LEATHER WASTE CONTAINING CHROMIUM - A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COLLAGEN STRUCTURE AND CHROMIUM TANNING -- 3. DIRECT APPLICATIONS OF CHROMIUM TANNED LEATHER WASTE -- 3.1. Direct Use in Tanning Process -- 3.2. Use as Absorption and Adsorbent Material -- 3.3. Addition to Clays for Bricks and Tiles Manufacture -- 4. COMPOSITES INCORPORATING CHROMIUM-TANNED LEATHER WASTE FIBERS -- 5. CHROMIUM-CONTAINING WASTE HYDROLYSIS AND RESULTING PRODUCTS USE -- 5.1. Oxidative Dechroming -- 5.2. Acid Hydrolysis -- 5.3. Alkaline Hydrolysis -- 5.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 5.5. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Reuse in Leather Industry -- Condensates of Collagen By-Products with Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde. 327 $aModification of Collagen By-Products with Microbial Transglutaminase, Casein and Whey -- Chemical Modification of Collagen by-Products with Acrylic Acid and Related Polymers -- Miscellaneous Modifications and Mixtures -- 5.6. Geleable Fraction and Hydrolysates Use in Other Industrial Processes -- Gelatine By-Products Applications -- Collagen Hydrolysates Application in Agriculture and Animal Feed Supplement -- Use In Rubber, Surfactants, Glues and Adhesives -- Use in Biodegradable Plastics, Fibers and Biotechnological Applications -- Building Industry -- Biomethanization -- 5.7. Alkaline and Alkaline Enzymatic Hydrolysis Chromium Cake/Sludge Reuse -- 6. ENERGY RECOVERY -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter11COMPUTERSIMULATIONOF -CHROMIAANDITSSURFACE -- Abstract -- 1.Introduction -- 2.ASimpleTransferableInteratomicPotentialModelforBinaryOxides -- 2.1.InteractionPotential -- 2.2.FittingMethodology -- 2.3.SimplificationoftheInteractionPotential -- 2.4.TransferabilityoftheModeltoMgOandCaO -- 3.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3withaModifiedMatsuiPotential -- 3.1.PotentialandFittingProcedure -- 3.2.ComputerModellingof -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3 -- 4.CalculationofNativeDefectEnergiesin -Al2O3, -Cr2O3and -Fe2O3usingaModifiedMatsuiPotential -- 4.1.PotentialParametersandMott-LittletonTheory -- 4.2.Calculationofnativedefectenergies -- 4.2.1.Convergencetest -- 4.2.2.Defectenergies -- 5.MolecularDynamicsSimulationofthe(0001) -Al2O3and -Cr2O3Surfaces -- 5.1.MolecularDynamicsSimulationDetails -- 5.2.ThermalExpansionCoefficients -- 5.3.SurfaceRelaxation -- 5.4.SurfaceDynamics -- 6.StructureandSurfaceEnergyofLow-indexSurfacesofStoichiometric -Al2O3and -Cr2O3 -- 6.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetails -- 6.2.SurfaceRelaxation -- 6.3.SurfaceEnergy -- 7.StructureandElectronicPropertiesCalculationofUltrathin -Al2O3filmson(0001) -Cr2O3Templates. 327 $a7.1.Hartree-FockSimulationDetailsforSingleCellCalculations. 330 $aChromium is regarded with great interest because of its high corrosion resistance and hardness. This book presents research data in the study of chromium, including the treatment of chromium contamination in the environment; free radical aspects of chromium toxicity; and, chromium chemical properties relevant for MEMs. 410 0$aChemical Engineering Methods and Technology 606 $aChromium 606 $aChromium compounds 615 0$aChromium. 615 0$aChromium compounds. 676 $a620.1/8934 701 $aSalden$b Margaret P$01968138 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9911102656003321 996 $aChromium$94733100 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04350oam 2200769I 450 001 9911141918803321 005 20251117084035.0 010 $a1-280-87463-5 010 $a9786613715944 010 $a1-136-86591-8 010 $a1-136-86590-X 010 $a0-203-83678-2 010 $a9780203836781 024 7 $a10.4324/9780203836781 035 $a(CKB)2670000000207261 035 $a(EBL)614861 035 $a(OCoLC)798534350 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000621215 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11374176 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000621215 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10614803 035 $a(PQKB)11194836 035 $a(OCoLC)801406353 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC614861 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL614861 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10578042 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL371594 035 $a(FlBoTFG)9780203836781 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000207261 100 $a20180706e20111985 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aCirculation in Third World countries /$fedited by R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aLondon ;$aNew York :$cRoutledge,$d2011. 215 $a1 online resource (495 p.) 225 1 $aRoutledge library editions. Development ;$vv. 73 300 $aFirst published in 1985 by Routledge & K. Paul. 311 08$a0-415-84654-4 311 08$a0-415-59496-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 441-469) and index. 327 $aCover; CIRCULATION IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES; Copyright; Contents; Contributors; Preface; 1 Themes on circulation in the Third World; Part I Holistic perspectives; 2 Towards a situational sociology of wage-labour circulation; 3 The Hausa wanderer and structural outsiderhood: an emic and etic analysis; 4 Circulation in West Java, Indonesia; 5 Circulation: a transition in mobility in Peru; Part ll Ecological perspectives; 6 Hunter mobility, family organization and change; 7 Traditional and modern patterns of circulation of pastoral nomads: the Duru' of south-east Arabia 327 $a8 Vertical circulation in southern Ecuador9 Seasonal agricultural circulation: the Strange Farmers of The Gambia; Part Ill Social perspectives; 10 The Avatime family and circulation 1900-1977; 11 International migration as circulation: Haitian movement to the Bahamas; 12 Religion and circulation: Hindu pilgrimage; 13 Circulation and schooling in East Africa; 14 The syndrome of poverty and wage labour circulation: the Indian scene; Part IV Economic perspectives; 15 Settlement and circulation in a frontier region: Illubabor Province, south-west Ethiopia 327 $a16 Circulation within systems of periodic and daily markets: the case of Central Highland Ecuador17 Town-city circulation among young Yucatec shoemakers; 18 Is a proletariat emerging in Nairobi?; 19 Differentials in repeat and return migration in Thailand, 1965-1970; 20 New Polynesian voyagers: visitors workers and migrants in New Zealand; Conclusion; Bibliography; Index 330 $aCirculation is common in Third World countries and involves reciprocal flows of people, goods and ideas. The essays in this volume, first published in1985, discuss concepts associated with circulation in its various forms, and they present empirical evidence based on field work from holistic, ecological, social, and economic points of view. Contributions from Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Pacific come from an international group of authors representing a variety of disciplines in the social sciences. All who are concerned with social and economic developme 410 0$aRoutledge library editions.$pDevelopment ;$vv. 73. 606 $aMigration, Internal$zDeveloping countries 606 $aTechnology transfer$zDeveloping countries 606 $aCulture diffusion$zDeveloping countries 607 $aDeveloping countries$xCommerce 615 0$aMigration, Internal 615 0$aTechnology transfer 615 0$aCulture diffusion 676 $a304.8/09172/4 676 $a304.8091724 676 $a307.14091724 701 $aChapman$b Murray 701 $aProthero$b R. Mansell 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9911141918803321 997 $aUNINA