LEADER 06514oam 22012974 450 001 9910964620403321 005 20250426110551.0 010 $a9781616358228 010 $a161635822X 010 $a9781498379915 010 $a1498379915 035 $a(CKB)3710000000373842 035 $a(EBL)1983706 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1983706 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11027499 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL740893 035 $a(OCoLC)905985538 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2015030 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1983706 035 $aWPIEA2015030 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000373842 100 $a20020129d2015 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aEnergy Subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean : $eStocktaking and Policy Challenges /$fGabriel Di Bella, Lawrence Norton, Joseph Ntamatungiro, Sumiko Ogawa, Issouf Samaké, Marika Santoro 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2015. 215 $a1 online resource (80 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9781484365366 311 08$a1484365364 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Contents; Executive Summary; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Energy Subsidies: A Global Perspective (Percent of GDP); II. Taking Stock of Energy Subsidies in LAC countries; Tables; 1. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13); 2. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13; 2. Energy Subsidies and Economic Size (Average 2011-13); A. Fuel Subsidies in LAC; 3. Fuel Subsidies and Energy Richness (Average 2011-13); 4.Gasoline and Diesel Prices Including Taxes; 3. Selected Fuel Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LAC; B. Electricity Subsidies in LAC 327 $a4. Selected Electricity Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LACIII. Policy Challenges for LAC Arising from Energy Subsidies; A. Fiscal Costs; 5. Electricity Subsidies and Measures of Electricity Performance (Average 2011-13); 6. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Deficits (Percent of GDP, Average 2011-13); B. Fiscal Transparency; 7. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Revenues (Average 2011-13); C. The Energy Value Chain, SOEs, and Competitiveness; 8. Gasoline and Diesel Prices Net of Taxes; D. External Vulnerabilities; 9. Current Account and Oil Trade Balances 327 $aE. Household Welfare and Income Distribution10. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Spending (Average 2011-13); F. Environmental and other Negative Externalities; IV. How and When to Reform Subsidy Policy? Experience from LAC countries; 11. Fuel Taxation and Negative Externalities (Current Excise Minus Corrective Tax, US/Liter, 2010); A. How to Rationalize Subsidies?; B. When to Rationalize Subsidies?; Annexes; I: Country Groupings; II: Data Sources; III: A Summary of Energy Policies in LAC countries; Boxes; 1. Measuring Fuel Subsidies by the Price-Gap Approach; 2. Measuring Electricity Subsidies 327 $a3. Energy Subsidies and Country Characteristics4. The Petrocaribe Arrangement; References 330 3 $aThe oil price decline creates an opportunity to dismantle energy subsidies, which escalated with high oil prices. This paper assesses energy subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean?about 1.8 percent of GDP in 2011?13 (approximately evenly split between fuel and electricity), and about 3.8 percent of GDP including negative externalities. Countries with poorer institutions subsidize more. Energy-rich countries subsidize fuel more, but low-income countries are more likely to subsidize electricity, as are Central America and the Caribbean. Energy subsidies impose fiscal costs, hurting SOEs, competitiveness, and distribution. The paper overviews country experience with subsidy reform, drawing lessons. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2015/030 606 $aNatural resources$zLatin America 606 $aEnergy industries$zLatin America 606 $aFiscal policy$zLatin America 606 $aGovernment business enterprises$zLatin America 606 $aNatural resources$zCaribbean Area 606 $aInvestments: Energy$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aTaxation$2imf 606 $aEnergy: Demand and Supply$2imf 606 $aPrices$2imf 606 $aElectric Utilities$2imf 606 $aTrade Policy$2imf 606 $aInternational Trade Organizations$2imf 606 $aEnergy industries & utilities$2imf 606 $aInvestment & securities$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aEnergy subsidies$2imf 606 $aFuel prices$2imf 606 $aElectricity$2imf 606 $aTariffs$2imf 606 $aOil prices$2imf 606 $aExpenditure$2imf 606 $aCommodities$2imf 606 $aTaxes$2imf 606 $aExpenditures, Public$2imf 606 $aElectric utilities$2imf 606 $aTariff$2imf 607 $aDominican Republic$2imf 615 0$aNatural resources 615 0$aEnergy industries 615 0$aFiscal policy 615 0$aGovernment business enterprises 615 0$aNatural resources 615 7$aInvestments: Energy 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aTaxation 615 7$aEnergy: Demand and Supply 615 7$aPrices 615 7$aElectric Utilities 615 7$aTrade Policy 615 7$aInternational Trade Organizations 615 7$aEnergy industries & utilities 615 7$aInvestment & securities 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aEnergy subsidies 615 7$aFuel prices 615 7$aElectricity 615 7$aTariffs 615 7$aOil prices 615 7$aExpenditure 615 7$aCommodities 615 7$aTaxes 615 7$aExpenditures, Public 615 7$aElectric utilities 615 7$aTariff 676 $a333.7098 700 $aDi Bella$b Gabriel$01628570 701 $aNorton$b Lawrence$01815796 701 $aNtamatungiro$b Joseph$01815797 701 $aOgawa$b Sumiko$01815798 701 $aSamaké$b Issouf$01136558 701 $aSantoro$b Marika$0146699 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910964620403321 996 $aEnergy Subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean$94371322 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04458nam 2201117z- 450 001 9910557430503321 005 20210501 035 $a(CKB)5400000000043418 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/68973 035 $a(oapen)doab68973 035 $a(EXLCZ)995400000000043418 100 $a20202105d2020 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aPhysiological and Pathological Role of ROS: Benefits and Limitations of Antioxidant Treatment 210 $aBasel, Switzerland$cMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute$d2020 215 $a1 online resource (236 p.) 311 08$a3-03936-282-8 311 08$a3-03936-283-6 330 $aROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms' adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. 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Verma, Brij B. Gupta 205 $a1st ed. 2025. 210 1$aSingapore :$cSpringer Nature Singapore :$cImprint: Springer,$d2025. 215 $a1 online resource (1008 pages) 225 1 $aLecture Notes in Networks and Systems,$x2367-3389 ;$v1326 311 08$a981-9641-69-1 327 $aExploring the association between Mental Health and Efficacy using Student Dataset -- Enhancing Predictive Maintenance for Induction Motors: A 3D Holography-Based Digital Twin Approach with Extended Kalman Filter -- YouTube Video Performance: Leveraging Data Analysis and Forecasting with ARIMA Modeling for Optimal Engagement. 330 $aThis book contains the proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computing Technologies, Internet of Things, and Data Analytics ? AICTA 2023. The theme of the conference is ?Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications.? It focuses on recent trends and innovative approaches across various domains of Computer Engineering, such as cloud computing, image processing and computer vision, machine learning and deep learning, IoT, analytics, and security. The book introduces new ideas in artificial intelligence and its subfields, including machine learning and deep neural networks. 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