LEADER 05603nam 2200709 a 450 001 9910783029903321 005 20230120004154.0 010 $a1-281-07199-4 010 $a9786611071998 010 $a0-08-053762-6 035 $a(CKB)1000000000005617 035 $a(EBL)316921 035 $a(OCoLC)476108860 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000211818 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12057997 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000211818 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10135363 035 $a(PQKB)10250314 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC316921 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL316921 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10041463 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL107199 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000005617 100 $a20000427d1999 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aNon-equilibrium processing of materials$b[electronic resource] /$fedited by C. Suryanarayana 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aAmsterdam ;$aNew York $cPergamon$d1999 215 $a1 online resource (459 p.) 225 1 $aPergamon materials series ;$vv. 2 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-08-042697-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aFront Cover; Non-equilibrium Processing of Materials; Copyright Page; Contents; Series Preface; Preface; List of Contributors; CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION; CHAPTER 2. THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF METASTABLE PHASE FORMATION; 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. Thermodynamics of Metastable Phase Formation; 2.3. Kinetics of Metastable Phase Formation; 2.4. Summary; 2.5. List of Symbols; References; CHAPTER 3. RAPID SOLIDIFICATION; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Methods of Rapid Solidification; 3.3. Constitution and Microstructure Formation by Rapid Solidification 327 $a3.4. Properties, Performance and Applications of Rapidly Solidified MaterialsReferences; Selected Bibliography; CHAPTER 4. MECHANICAL ALLOYING; 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. Nomenclature; 4.3. The Process of Mechanical Alloying; 4.4. Mechanism of Alloying; 4.5. Consolidation; 4.6. Synthesis of Non-Equilibrium Phases; 4.7. Powder Contamination; 4.8. Modeling; 4.9. Industrial Applications; 4.10. Concluding Remarks; References; CHAPTER 5. LASER PROCESSING; 5.1. Principles of Lasers; 5.2. Classifications of Laser Processing; 5.3. Analysis of the Laser Melting and Quenching Process; 5.4. Laser-Quenching 327 $a5.5. Laser Surface-Alloying and Cladding5.6. Laser-Annealing; 5.7. Laser-Beam Joining; 5.8. Conclusions; References; CHAPTER 6. THERMAL PLASMA PROCESSING; 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Thermal Plasmas; 6.3. Processing of Materials; 6.4. Summary and Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; CHAPTER 7. SPRAY-FORMING; 7.1. Introduction; 7.2. Principles; 7.3. Variations and Distinctions; 7.4. Applicability; 7.5. Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Spray-Forming; 7.6. Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References; CHAPTER 8. ION-MIXING; 8.1. Introduction 327 $a8.2. Brief Description of Underlying Physics in Ion Mixing8.3. Thermodynamics of Alloy Phase Formation; 8.4. Experimentation of Ion-Mixing; 8.5. Amorphous Phase Formation; 8.6. Formation of Metastable Crystalline Alloys; 8.7. Interface-Generated Solid-State Vitrification in Systems with a Positive Heat of Formation; 8.8. Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References; CHAPTER 9. PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; 9.1. Introduction; 9.2. Development of PVD; 9.3. Deposition Methods; 9.4. Influence of Energy on Coatings; 9.5. Applications of PVD Coatings; 9.6. Future Trends; Acknowledgment; References 327 $aCHAPTER 10. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION10.1. Introduction; 10.2. Gas-Phase Transport and Reactivity; 10.3. Solid Phase Formation; 10.4. Conclusions; References; CHAPTER 11. COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS; 11.1. Introduction; 11.2. Thermodynamic Considerations; 11.3. Kinetic Considerations; 11.4. Field-Activated Combustion Synthesis; 11.5. The ""Azide"" Process; 11.6. SHS Reactions in Synthesizing Ti3SiC2; 11.7. Controlled Reactions in the Ti-B Binary System; 11.8. Auto-Ignition Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Oxides; 11.9. Non-Equilibrium Effects; 11.10. Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References 327 $aCHAPTER 12. NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 330 $aThe rapid technological developments during the later half of the 20th century have demanded materials that are stronger, capable of use at much higher temperatures, more corrosion-resistant, and much less expensive than those currently used. These demands become even more significant on the threshold of the new century and the millennium. Significant improvements in properties can only be achieved by processing the materials under far-from-equilibrium (or non-equilibrium) conditions. Several new processing technologies have been developed during the past few decades including, rapid solidifi 410 0$aPergamon materials series ;$vv. 2. 606 $aMetals$xThermomechanical treatment 606 $aNonequilibrium thermodynamics 606 $aPhase rule and equilibrium 606 $aMetals$xRapid solidification processing 615 0$aMetals$xThermomechanical treatment. 615 0$aNonequilibrium thermodynamics. 615 0$aPhase rule and equilibrium. 615 0$aMetals$xRapid solidification processing. 676 $a671.3 701 $aSuryanarayana$b C$0547061 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910783029903321 996 $aNon-equilibrium processing of materials$93866374 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05360nam 2200709 a 450 001 9911019947003321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a9786613722751 010 $a9783527639670 010 $a3527639675 010 $a9781280881442 010 $a1280881445 010 $a9783527639663 010 $a3527639667 010 $a9783527639687 010 $a3527639683 035 $a(CKB)2670000000211866 035 $a(EBL)951892 035 $a(OCoLC)798535710 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000688801 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11415497 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000688801 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10613292 035 $a(PQKB)10651931 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC951892 035 $a(Perlego)1003095 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000211866 100 $a20130213d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aElectron and proton kinetics and dynamics in flaring atmospheres /$fValentina Zharkova 210 $aWeinheim $cWiley-VCH$d2012 215 $a1 online resource (460 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9783527408474 311 08$a3527408479 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aElectron and Proton Kinetics and Dynamics in Flaring Atmospheres; Contents; Preface; Color Plates; 1 Observational Phenomena of Solar Flares; 1.1 Observational Constraints; 1.2 Hard X-Ray Light Curves and Spectra; 1.2.1 Light Curves; 1.2.2 Photon and Electron Energy Spectra; 1.2.3 Electron Numbers; 1.3 Light Curves and Energy Spectra of Gamma-Rays; 1.3.1 -Ray Light Curves; 1.3.2 Energy Spectra and Abundances of Ions in Flares; 1.3.3 Ion Numbers; 1.4 Geometry of Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Sources; 1.4.1 Differences in Footpoint Spectral Indices; 1.4.2 Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Source Locations 327 $a1.5 Pre- and Postflare Hard X-Ray and Radio Emission1.6 Magnetic Field Changes Associated with Flares; 1.6.1 Local Magnetic Field Variations; 1.7 UV and Optical Emission; 1.8 Seismic Responses; 1.9 Critical Issues; 2 Particle Acceleration in Flares; 2.1 Models of Particle Acceleration; 2.1.1 Basic Physics; 2.1.2 Magnetic Reconnection Models Associated with Flares; 2.1.3 Particle Acceleration in a Reconnecting Current Sheet; 2.1.4 Particle Acceleration by Shocks and Turbulence; 2.2 Recent Theoretical Developments; 2.2.1 Stochastic Acceleration 327 $a2.2.2 Electron Acceleration in Collapsing Current Sheets2.2.3 Particle Acceleration in a Single 3-D RCS with Complicated Magnetic Topology; 2.2.4 Estimations of Accelerated Particle Parameters; 2.2.5 Comparison of the Parameters of Accelerated Particles; 2.2.6 Particle Acceleration in 3-D MHD Models with Fan and Spine Reconnection; 2.3 Limitations of the Test-Particle Approach; 2.3.1 The Polarization Electric Field; 2.3.2 Turbulent Electric Fields; 2.4 Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Acceleration in a 3-D RCS; 2.4.1 Problem Formulation; 2.4.2 Test-Particle Simulations 327 $a2.4.3 PIC Simulation Results2.5 Particle Acceleration in Collapsing Magnetic Islands; 2.5.1 Tearing-Mode Instability in Current Sheets; 2.5.2 Particle Acceleration in Magnetic Islands - PIC Approach; 2.6 Limitations of the PIC Approach; 2.7 Probing Theories versus Observations; 2.7.1 Interrelation between Acceleration and Transport; 2.7.2 Testing Acceleration Models against Observational Constraints; 3 Electron-Beam Precipitation - Continuity Equation Approach; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Particle Energy Losses; 3.2.1 Particle Trajectories at Scattering; 3.2.2 Energy Loss and Momentum Variations 327 $a3.3 Continuity Equation Approach for Electrons: Pure Collisions3.3.1 Solutions of Continuity Equation for Power-Law Beam Electrons; 3.3.2 Beam Electron Densities; 3.3.3 Mean Electron Spectra; 3.3.4 Hard X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Emission by Beam Electrons; 3.3.5 Heating Functions; 3.4 Continuity Equation Approach for Electrons - Pure Electric Field; 3.4.1 Estimation of the Ohmic Loss Effect; 3.4.2 Kinetic Solutions for a Pure Electric Field; 3.4.3 Estimations of Electron-Beam Stability; 4 Electron Beam Precipitation - Fokker-Planck Approach; 4.1 General Comments on Particle and Energy Transport 327 $a4.2 Problem Formulation 330 $aThis timely book presents new research results on high-energy particle physics related to solar flares, covering the theory and applications of the reconnection process in a clear and comprehensible way. It investigates particle kinetics and dynamics in flaring atmospheres and their diagnostics from spectral observations, while providing an analysis of the observation data and techniques and comparing various models.Written by an internationally acclaimed expert, this is vital reading for all solar, astro-, and plasma physicists working in the field. 606 $aElectrons 606 $aProtons 606 $aAtmospheric physics 615 0$aElectrons. 615 0$aProtons. 615 0$aAtmospheric physics. 676 $a539.72 700 $aZharkova$b Valentina$01840511 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9911019947003321 996 $aElectron and proton kinetics and dynamics in flaring atmospheres$94420075 997 $aUNINA