LEADER 05267nam 2200673 a 450 001 9910960445903321 005 20240514030223.0 010 $a1-283-28019-1 010 $a9786613280190 010 $a90-272-8173-4 035 $a(CKB)2670000000113678 035 $a(EBL)765840 035 $a(OCoLC)748242175 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001004614 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11554154 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001004614 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11047091 035 $a(PQKB)10144561 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC765840 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL765840 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10495910 035 $a(DE-B1597)719971 035 $a(DE-B1597)9789027281739 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000113678 100 $a19950707d1995 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aInterlanguage and learnability $efrom Chinese to English /$fVirginia Yip 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aAmsterdam ;$aPhiladelphia :$cJ. Benjamins Pub.,$d1995. 215 $a1 online resource (263 pages) 225 1 $aLanguage acquisition & language disorders ;$vv. 11 311 0 $a90-272-2477-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCONTENTS; Acknowledgments; List of Abbreviations; List of Tables and Figures; Chapter 1. The Theory of Interlanguage; 1.0. Introduction; 1.1. CIL as a Language: From Error Analysis to Interlanguage Grammar; 1.2. Investigating Interlanguage Competence; 1.3. The Nature of Interlanguage; 1.4. Prior Linguistic Knowledge and Language Transfer; 1.5. Universal Grammar; 1.6. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 1; Chapter 2. A Framework for Second Language Learnability; 2.0. Introduction; 2.1. The Logical Problem of L1 and L2 Acquisition; 2.2. Learnability Theory; 2.3. The Subset Principle; 2.4. Preemption 327 $a2.5. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 2; Chapter 3. Comparative Typology and Learnability; 3.0. Introduction; 3.1. Status of Topic; 3.2. Topic-prominence vs. Subject-prominence; 3.3. Topic-prominence and Learnability; 3.4. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 3; Chapter 4. Pseudo-passives:""These sentences can analyze many ways""; 4.0. Introduction; 4.1. Pseudo-passives in CIL; 4.2. The Pseudo-passive as a Malformed Passive; 4.3. The Pseudo-passive as Topicalization; 4.4. Judgment Data; 4.5. On Learnability; 4.6. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 4 327 $aChapter 5. Ergative Constructions:""What is happened with these verbs?""5.0. Introduction; 5.1. Passivized Ergatives in CIL; 5.2. Comparative Grammar of Ergative Constructions; 5.3. Interlanguage Ergatives; 5.4. Judgment Data; 5.5. Learnability: Why Are Ergative Constructions So Hard to Acquire?; 5.6. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 5; Chapter 6. Tough Movement:""Never easy to be learned""; 6.0. Introduction; 6.1. Tough-Movement in English; 6.2. ""Pseudo-Tough-Movement"" in CIL; 6.3. Comparative Grammar af Raising and Tough-Movement; 6.4. Pseudo-Tough-Movement as an Interlanguage Innovation 327 $a6.5. Tough-Movement Acquisition in L1 and L2; 6.6. Tough-Movement and the Typology of Raising; 6.7. Judgment Data; 6.8. Learnability; 6.9. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 6; Chapter 7. Existential Constructions and Indefinite Subjects:""There are sentences cause learnability problems""; 7.0. Introduction; 7.1. Existential Pseudo-relatives in CIL; 7.2. Comparative Grammar of Existential Constructions; 7.3. Analysis of the CIL Pseudo-relative Construction; 7.4. Learnability and Acquisition of Target Structures; 7.5. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 7; Chapter 8. Summary and Implications 327 $a8.0. Introduction; 8.1. Implications for SLA Research; 8.2. Second Language Acquisition and Learnability; 8.3. Conclusion; Notes to Chapter 8; Appendix A: Questionnaire on Pseudo-passives and Related Structures; Appendix B: Questionnaire on Ergative Verbs and Related Structures; Appendix C: Questionnaire on Tough-Movement and Related Structures; References; Index of Authors; Index of Subjects 330 $aThis book investigates a set of structures characteristic of Chinese speakers' English interlanguage (CIL) in the light of grammatical theory and principles of learnability. As a study of CIL grammar, it illuminates both the theory of interlanguage syntax in general and some specific problems in the acquisition of English by Chinese L1 learners. A set of interrelated structures are investigated, including topicalization, passive, ergative, "tough movement" and existential constructions. 410 0$aLanguage acquisition & language disorders ;$v11. 606 $aEnglish language$xStudy and teaching$xChinese speakers 606 $aLanguage and languages$xStudy and teaching 606 $aInterlanguage (Language learning) 615 0$aEnglish language$xStudy and teaching$xChinese speakers. 615 0$aLanguage and languages$xStudy and teaching. 615 0$aInterlanguage (Language learning) 676 $a428/.007 700 $aYip$b Virginia$f1962-$0322173 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910960445903321 996 $aInterlanguage and learnability$94375627 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05422nam 2200637 a 450 001 9911019274903321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-283-28325-5 010 $a9786613283252 010 $a3-527-63526-2 010 $a3-527-63524-6 035 $a(CKB)3460000000003452 035 $a(EBL)822711 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000539752 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11324618 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000539752 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10579772 035 $a(PQKB)11591050 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC822711 035 $a(PPN)243729197 035 $a(OCoLC)729724696 035 $a(EXLCZ)993460000000003452 100 $a20111111d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aOptical and digital image processing $efundamentals and applications /$fedited by Gabriel Cristobal, Peter Schelkens, and Hugo Thienpont 210 $aWeinheim [Germany] $cWiley-VCH$d2011 215 $a1 online resource (990 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a3-527-40956-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aOptical and Digital Image Processing; Contents; Preface; List of Contributors; Color Plates; 1 Fundamentals of Optics; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum; 1.3 Geometrical Optics; 1.3.1 Ray Transfer Matrix; 1.3.2 Two-Lens Imaging System; 1.3.3 Aberrations; 1.4 Maxwell's Equations and the Wave Equation; 1.5 Wave Optics and Diffraction; 1.6 Fourier Optics and Applications; 1.6.1 Ideal Thin Lens as Optical Fourier Transformer; 1.6.2 Imaging and Optical Image Processing; 1.6.3 Optical Correlator; 1.7 The Human Visual System; 1.8 Conclusion; References; 2 Fundamentals of Photonics 327 $a2.1 Introduction2.2 Interference and Diffraction; 2.2.1 Interference; 2.2.2 Diffraction; 2.2.2.1 Diffraction at a One-Dimensional Slit; 2.2.2.2 Diffraction at a Circular Aperture; 2.2.3 Resolution; 2.2.3.1 Angular Resolution; 2.2.3.2 Spatial Resolution; 2.2.4 Coherence; 2.2.4.1 Temporal or Longitudinal Coherence; 2.2.4.2 Transverse or Spatial Coherence; 2.3 Terms and Units: The Measurement of Light; 2.3.1 Introduction: Radiometry versus Photometry; 2.3.2 Radiometric Terms and Units; 2.3.2.1 Radiant Energy; 2.3.2.2 Radiant Flux; 2.3.2.3 Radiant Flux Density; 2.3.2.4 Radiant Intensity 327 $a2.3.2.5 Radiance2.3.2.6 Radiant Exposure; 2.3.3 Photometric Terms; 2.3.3.1 Spectral Terms; 2.3.3.2 Spectral Sensitivity of the Eye; 2.3.3.3 Luminous Terms; 2.3.4 Photometric Units; 2.3.4.1 Other Visual Terms and Units; 2.4 Color; 2.4.1 Introduction; 2.4.2 The Spectrum of Light; 2.4.3 Tristimulus Theory; 2.4.3.1 The Tristimulus; 2.4.3.2 The 1931 CIE Standard; 2.4.3.3 CIE 1976 UCS Diagram; 2.4.4 Theory of the Opponent Colors; 2.4.4.1 Describing the Visual Observations; 2.4.4.2 Saturation or Chroma; 2.4.4.3 Hue; 2.4.4.4 The CIELAB Diagram; 2.5 Basic Laser Physics; 2.5.1 Introduction 327 $a2.5.2 Normal or Spontaneous Emission of Light2.5.3 Absorption; 2.5.4 Stimulated Emission of Light; 2.5.5 Amplification; 2.5.6 Basic Setup; 2.6 Basic Properties of Laser Light; 2.6.1 Laser Light Has One Direction; 2.6.2 Laser Light Is Monochromatic; 2.6.3 Laser Light Is Coherent; 2.6.4 Laser Light Is Intense; 2.7 Conclusions; References; 3 Basics of Information Theory; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Probability; 3.2.1 Several Events; 3.2.2 Conditional Probabilities: Independent and Dependent Events; 3.2.3 Random Variable; 3.2.4 Distribution Function; 3.2.5 Discrete Distribution 327 $a3.2.6 Continuous Distribution3.2.7 Expected Value; 3.3 Entropy and Mutual Information; 3.3.1 Historical Notes; 3.3.2 Entropy; 3.3.2.1 Some Properties of Entropy; 3.3.3 Joint Entropy; 3.3.4 Mutual Information; 3.3.5 Kullback-Leibler Divergence; 3.3.6 Other Types of Entropies; 3.4 Information Channel; 3.4.1 Discrete Channel; 3.4.2 Channel Capacity; 3.4.3 Symmetric Channel; 3.4.4 Binary Symmetric Channel; 3.4.5 Gaussian Channel; 3.5 Conclusion; Appendix 3.A: Application of Mutual Information; References; 4 Fundamentals of Image Processing; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Digital Image Representation 327 $a4.2.1 Topological and Metric Properties of Images 330 $aIn recent years, Moore's law has fostered the steady growth of the field of digital image processing, though the computational complexity remains a problem for most of the digital image processing applications. In parallel, the research domain of optical image processing has matured, potentially bypassing the problems digital approaches were suffering and bringing new applications. The advancement of technology calls for applications and knowledge at the intersection of both areas but there is a clear knowledge gap between the digital signal processing and the optical processing communities. T 606 $aOptical data processing 606 $aImage processing$xDigital techniques 615 0$aOptical data processing. 615 0$aImage processing$xDigital techniques. 676 $a621.367 701 $aCristobal$b Gabriel$01839362 701 $aSchelkens$b Peter$01837648 701 $aThienpont$b Hugo$01839363 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9911019274903321 996 $aOptical and digital image processing$94418566 997 $aUNINA