LEADER 03866nam 2200625 a 450 001 9910461269303321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-674-06288-4 024 7 $a10.4159/harvard.9780674062887 035 $a(CKB)2670000000137016 035 $a(OCoLC)770009462 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10522594 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000571238 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11392896 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000571238 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10611288 035 $a(PQKB)11687280 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3301029 035 $a(DE-B1597)178285 035 $a(OCoLC)840447134 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780674062887 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3301029 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10522594 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000137016 100 $a20110414d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aRoads to power$b[electronic resource] $eBritain invents the infrastructure state /$fJo Guldi 210 $aCambridge, Mass. $cHarvard University Press$d2012 215 $a1 online resource (310 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-674-05759-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aMilitary craft and parliamentary expertise : the institutional evolution of road-making -- Colonizing at home : the political lobby for centralizing highways -- Paying to walk : the national movement against centralized roads -- Wayfaring strangers : mobile communities and the death of contact. 330 $aRoads to Power tells the story of how Britain built the first nation connected by infrastructure, how a libertarian revolution destroyed a national economy, and how technology caused strangers to stop speaking. In early eighteenth-century Britain, nothing but dirt track ran between most towns. By 1848 the primitive roads were transformed into a network of highways connecting every village and island in the nation-and also dividing them in unforeseen ways. The highway network led to contests for control over everything from road management to market access. Peripheries like the Highlands demanded that centralized government pay for roads they could not afford, while English counties wanted to be spared the cost of underwriting roads to Scotland. The new network also transformed social relationships. Although travelers moved along the same routes, they occupied increasingly isolated spheres. The roads were the product of a new form of government, the infrastructure state, marked by the unprecedented control bureaucrats wielded over decisions relating to everyday life.Does information really work to unite strangers? Do markets unite nations and peoples in common interests? There are lessons here for all who would end poverty or design their markets around the principle of participation. Guldi draws direct connections between traditional infrastructure and the contemporary collapse of the American Rust Belt, the decline of American infrastructure, the digital divide, and net neutrality. In the modern world, infrastructure is our principal tool for forging new communities, but it cannot outlast the control of governance by visionaries. 606 $aInfrastructure (Economics)$zGreat Britain 606 $aRoads$xGovernment policy$zGreat Britain 606 $aTransportation and state$zGreat Britain 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aInfrastructure (Economics) 615 0$aRoads$xGovernment policy 615 0$aTransportation and state 676 $a388.10941 686 $aZO 4050$2rvk 700 $aGuldi$b Jo$g(Joanna),$f1978-$0750862 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910461269303321 996 $aRoads to power$92452507 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05399nam 2200661Ia 450 001 9911019259203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-283-37409-9 010 $a9786613374097 010 $a0-470-98004-4 010 $a0-470-98003-6 035 $a(CKB)3400000000000317 035 $a(EBL)661847 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000477769 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11296731 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000477769 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10513471 035 $a(PQKB)11586395 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC661847 035 $a(OCoLC)705354489 035 $a(EXLCZ)993400000000000317 100 $a20101103d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aMulti-armed bandit allocation indices /$fJohn Gittins, Kevin Glazebrook, Richard Weber 205 $a2nd ed. 210 $aChichester $cWiley$d2011 215 $a1 online resource (311 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-470-67002-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aMulti-armed Bandit Allocation Indices; Contents; Foreword; Foreword to the first edition; Preface; Preface to the first edition; 1 Introduction or exploration; Exercises; 2 Main ideas: Gittins index; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Decision processes; 2.3 Simple families of alternative bandit processes; 2.4 Dynamic programming; 2.5 Gittins index theorem; 2.6 Gittins index; 2.6.1 Gittins index and the multi-armed bandit; 2.6.2 Coins problem; 2.6.3 Characterization of the optimal stopping time; 2.6.4 The restart-in-state formulation; 2.6.5 Dependence on discount factor 327 $a2.6.6 Myopic and forwards induction policies2.7 Proof of the index theorem by interchanging bandit portions; 2.8 Continuous-time bandit processes; 2.9 Proof of the index theorem by induction and interchange argument; 2.10 Calculation of Gittins indices; 2.11 Monotonicity conditions; 2.11.1 Monotone indices; 2.11.2 Monotone jobs; 2.12 History of the index theorem; 2.13 Some decision process theory; Exercises; 3 Necessary assumptions for indices; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Jobs; 3.3 Continuous-time jobs; 3.3.1 Definition; 3.3.2 Policies for continuous-time jobs 327 $a3.3.3 The continuous-time index theorem for a SFABP of jobs3.4 Necessary assumptions; 3.4.1 Necessity of an infinite time horizon; 3.4.2 Necessity of constant exponential discounting; 3.4.3 Necessity of a single processor; 3.5 Beyond the necessary assumptions; 3.5.1 Bandit-dependent discount factors; 3.5.2 Stochastic discounting; 3.5.3 Undiscounted rewards; 3.5.4 A discrete search problem; 3.5.5 Multiple processors; Exercises; 4 Superprocesses, precedence constraints and arrivals; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Bandit superprocesses; 4.3 The index theorem for superprocesses 327 $a4.4 Stoppable bandit processes4.5 Proof of the index theorem by freezing and promotion rules; 4.5.1 Freezing rules; 4.5.2 Promotion rules; 4.6 The index theorem for jobs with precedence constraints; 4.7 Precedence constraints forming an out-forest; 4.8 Bandit processes with arrivals; 4.9 Tax problems; 4.9.1 Ongoing bandits and tax problems; 4.9.2 Klimov's model; 4.9.3 Minimum EWFT for the M/G/1 queue; 4.10 Near optimality of nearly index policies; Exercises; 5 The achievable region methodology; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 A simple example; 5.3 Proof of the index theorem by greedy algorithm 327 $a5.4 Generalized conservation laws and indexable systems5.5 Performance bounds for policies for branching bandits; 5.6 Job selection and scheduling problems; 5.7 Multi-armed bandits on parallel machines; Exercises; 6 Restless bandits and Lagrangian relaxation; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Restless bandits; 6.3 Whittle indices for restless bandits; 6.4 Asymptotic optimality; 6.5 Monotone policies and simple proofs of indexability; 6.6 Applications to multi-class queueing systems; 6.7 Performance bounds for the Whittle index policy; 6.8 Indices for more general resource configurations; Exercises 327 $a7 Multi-population random sampling (theory) 330 $aIn 1989 the first edition of this book set out Gittins' pioneering index solution to the multi-armed bandit problem and his subsequent investigation of a wide of sequential resource allocation and stochastic scheduling problems. Since then there has been a remarkable flowering of new insights, generalizations and applications, to which Glazebrook and Weber have made major contributions. This second edition brings the story up to date. There are new chapters on the achievable region approach to stochastic optimization problems, the construction of performance bounds for suboptimal policies, W 606 $aResource allocation$xMathematical models 606 $aMathematical optimization 606 $aProgramming (Mathematics) 615 0$aResource allocation$xMathematical models. 615 0$aMathematical optimization. 615 0$aProgramming (Mathematics) 676 $a519.5 700 $aGittins$b John C.$f1938-$01842071 701 $aGlazebrook$b Kevin D.$f1950-$01443322 701 $aWeber$b Richard$f1953-$01839382 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9911019259203321 996 $aMulti-armed bandit allocation indices$94422029 997 $aUNINA