LEADER 05586oam 22011654 450 001 9910779642403321 005 20230802010330.0 010 $a1-4755-7345-6 010 $a1-4755-9735-5 035 $a(CKB)2550000001041548 035 $a(EBL)1607090 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000943241 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11523885 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000943241 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10975476 035 $a(PQKB)11100227 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1607090 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1607090 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10661239 035 $a(OCoLC)820489716 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2012285 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2012285 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000001041548 100 $a20020129d2012 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aPension Reforms in Japan /$fKenichiro Kashiwase, Masahiro Nozaki, Kiichi Tokuoka 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2012. 215 $a1 online resource (22 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4755-7680-3 311 $a1-4755-4431-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Abstract; Contents; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Japan: Population Aging in Japan and OECD Countries; 2. Japan: Social Security Spending; II. The Pension System and Past Reforms in Japan; 3. Japan: Public Pension System; 4. Japan: NP and EPI Pension Spending and Contributions, 2010-2100; Boxes; 1. Japan: How Does Macro Indexing Work?; III. Pension Reform Options to Reduce the Fiscal Burden; Tables; 1. Japan: Options to Reduce Government for Basic Pension; 2. Japan: Growth Impact of Pension Reform Options; A. Raise Pension Eligibility Age 327 $a5. Japan: Life Expectancy after Pension Eligibility Age, 2000-20306. OECD Countries: Pension Eligibility Age and Life Expectancy in 2010 and 2030; B. Lower Replacement Ratio; 7. Pension Benefit Replacement Rate for Single Earner Couples; 3. Japan: Old-age Poverty in Japan and the Role of Pensions; C. Higher Contribution Rates; 8. Pension Contribution Rate, 2009; D. Reducing Preferential Treatments; IV. Conclusion; Appendices; I. Methodologies to Calculate Fiscal Savings from Reform Options; References 330 3 $aThis paper analyzes various reform options for Japan?s public pension in light of large fiscal consolidation needs of the country. The most attractive option is to increase the pension eligibility age in line with high and rising life expectancy. This would have a positive effect on long-run economic growth and would be relatively fair in sharing the burden of fiscal adjustment between younger and older generations. Other attractive options include better targeting by ?clawing back? a small portion of pension benefits from wealthy retirees, reducing preferential tax treatment of pension benefit incomes, and collecting contributions from dependent spouses of employees, who are currently eligible for pension benefits even though they make no contributions. These options, if implemented concurrently, could reduce the government annual subsidy and the government deficit by up to 1¼ percent of GDP by 2020. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2012/285 606 $aPensions$zJapan 606 $aRetirement income$zJapan 606 $aLabor$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aDemography$2imf 606 $aFiscal Policy$2imf 606 $aSocial Security and Public Pensions$2imf 606 $aDemographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts$2imf 606 $aNonwage Labor Costs and Benefits$2imf 606 $aPrivate Pensions$2imf 606 $aEconomics of the Elderly$2imf 606 $aEconomics of the Handicapped$2imf 606 $aNon-labor Market Discrimination$2imf 606 $aAggregate Factor Income Distribution$2imf 606 $aPensions$2imf 606 $aPopulation & demography$2imf 606 $aPension spending$2imf 606 $aAging$2imf 606 $aIncome$2imf 606 $aPension reform$2imf 606 $aExpenditure$2imf 606 $aPopulation and demographics$2imf 606 $aNational accounts$2imf 606 $aPopulation aging$2imf 607 $aJapan$2imf 615 0$aPensions 615 0$aRetirement income 615 7$aLabor 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aDemography 615 7$aFiscal Policy 615 7$aSocial Security and Public Pensions 615 7$aDemographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts 615 7$aNonwage Labor Costs and Benefits 615 7$aPrivate Pensions 615 7$aEconomics of the Elderly 615 7$aEconomics of the Handicapped 615 7$aNon-labor Market Discrimination 615 7$aAggregate Factor Income Distribution 615 7$aPensions 615 7$aPopulation & demography 615 7$aPension spending 615 7$aAging 615 7$aIncome 615 7$aPension reform 615 7$aExpenditure 615 7$aPopulation and demographics 615 7$aNational accounts 615 7$aPopulation aging 700 $aKashiwase$b Kenichiro$01462100 701 $aNozaki$b Masahiro$01462073 701 $aTokuoka$b Kiichi$01476613 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910779642403321 996 $aPension Reforms in Japan$93691355 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04634nam 22007455 450 001 9910992786803321 005 20250331130008.0 010 $a981-9616-10-7 024 7 $a10.1007/978-981-96-1610-7 035 $a(CKB)38166502200041 035 $a(DE-He213)978-981-96-1610-7 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC32006619 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL32006619 035 $a(EXLCZ)9938166502200041 100 $a20250331d2025 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aKoreans' Social Identity /$fby Myoung-Jin Lee, Ji-Young Choi 205 $a1st ed. 2025. 210 1$aSingapore :$cSpringer Nature Singapore :$cImprint: Springer,$d2025. 215 $a1 online resource (VII, 181 p. 41 illus., 38 illus. in color.) 311 08$a981-9616-09-3 327 $aWho Are We -- Social Identity and Affective Evaluation -- Changing Korean Society -- Citizen Participation and Democracy -- Corporations and the Market -- Single-Person Households and Isolated Society -- Generations and Value Orientation -- Multicultural Society and Acceptance -- Professionals and Social Trust -- Collective Intelligence and the Pros and Cons of the Information Society -- Generational Conflict and Social Integration Social Mobility and Education -- Korean Society and Koreans. 330 $aThis book examines the changing characteristics of Korean society and Koreans in various areas, including politics, economics, and society, providing rich analyses on social identity. Factoring in the trajectory of Korean history, the authors chart the rapid economic growth of Korea and the ways in which this has significantly improved Koreans' material living standards. The book shows that despite the Cold War and inter-Korean confrontation, active citizen participation has institutionalized democracy in Korea. A society once characterized by strong familial ties and patriarchal verticality has shifted to a more horizontal structure with diverse values. Transitions from agricultural to industrial and information societies have occurred within one or two generations. Rapid aging is another critical issue, with Korea experiencing one of the fastest aging trends globally. The shift toward a multicultural society challenges the traditional identity of Koreans based on a single ethnicity. Against this backdrop, this book seeks to capture the characteristics of changing Korean society and the people living in it, based on the concept of social identity that an individual's evaluation is not just a temporary personal feeling or prejudice but a cultural product. It allows for an objective analysis of a society or its cultural characteristics by measuring social identity. The first part of the book introduces the concept of social identity and presents analysis results in several fields. The second examines changes in the values and attitudes of representative Koreans. The third part discusses the social problems and tasks created by the changes in various values and attitudes. Finally, the last section explores concrete measures to overcome these problems and aim for social integration in future and emphasizes elements that enhance social trust and integration. It is relevant to sociologists and scholars working across various social science dimensions focused on Korea. 606 $aSociology 606 $aCulture 606 $aReligions 606 $aEast Asia 606 $aIdentity politics 606 $aSex 606 $aHuman geography 606 $aCultural geography 606 $aSociology 606 $aSociology of Culture 606 $aEast Asian Religions 606 $aIdentity Politics 606 $aGender Studies 606 $aSocial and Cultural Geography 615 0$aSociology. 615 0$aCulture. 615 0$aReligions. 615 0$aEast Asia. 615 0$aIdentity politics. 615 0$aSex. 615 0$aHuman geography. 615 0$aCultural geography. 615 14$aSociology. 615 24$aSociology of Culture. 615 24$aEast Asian Religions. 615 24$aIdentity Politics. 615 24$aGender Studies. 615 24$aSocial and Cultural Geography. 676 $a301 700 $aLee$b Myoung-Jin$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$01802816 702 $aChoi$b Ji-Young$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910992786803321 996 $aKoreans' Social Identity$94349065 997 $aUNINA