LEADER 06245nam 22005772 450 001 9910984502203321 005 20241218145055.0 010 $a9789004538368 010 $a9004538364 024 7 $a10.1163/9789004538368 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC31854285 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL31854285 035 $a(CKB)37058927500041 035 $z(OCoLC)1456587744 035 $a(nllekb)BRILL9789004538368 035 $a(EXLCZ)9937058927500041 100 $a20241218d2025 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 14$aThe Conceptualization of Equality and Non-discrimination as Legal Standards $eFrom Formal to More Substantive Equality /$fTitia Loenen 205 $aFirst edition. 210 1$aLeiden ;$aBoston :$cBrill | Nijhoff,$d2025. 210 4$dİ2025 215 $a1 online resource (305 pages) 225 1 $aHuman Rights and Humanitarian Law E-Books Online, Collection 2025 225 1 $aNijhoff Law Specials ;$v111 311 08$a9789004537859 311 08$a9004537856 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tAcknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- ?1.1?Goal and Approach of the Book -- ?1.2?Methods -- ?1.3?Terminology -- ?1.4?Outline of the Subsequent Chapters -- 2 Historical Background and General Characterisation of Equality as a Legal Concept -- ?2.1?Introduction -- ?2.2?Historical Development of Equality as a Legal Concept -- ?2.3?Equality as a Legal Standard ? Conceptual Scope: What Equality? -- ?2.4?Equality Standards, Separation of Powers Principles and the Role of Courts -- ?2.5?Horizontalization of Equality Standards -- ?2.6?Equality and ?Dominant Standards? in Law and Society ? the Limits of Law in Addressing Systemic Discrimination -- ?2.7?Concluding Remarks -- 3 Formal and Substantive Equality -- ?3.1?Introduction -- ?3.2?Formal Equality: Like Cases must be Treated Alike. -- ?3.3?Difficulties and Limitations of a Formal Equality Approach -- ?3.4?Substantive Equality: Like Cases must be Treated Alike and Unalike Cases must be treated Unalike in Proportion to their Unalikeness. -- ?3.5?Difficulties and Limitations of a Substantive Equality Approach -- ?3.6?Concluding Remarks -- 4 Discrimination ? General Features -- ?4.1?Introduction -- ?4.2?Non-Discrimination as a Specific Articulation of Equality -- ?4.3?Identifying Sensitive or Protected Grounds -- ?4.4?Discrimination Review ? Justifying Difference in Treatment on the Basis of a Protected Ground -- ?4.5?Difficulties and Dilemmas of Ground-Depending Differentiated Review -- ?4.6?Concluding Remarks -- 5 Indirect Discrimination -- ?5.1?Introduction -- ?5.2?Development and General Features of Indirect Discrimination -- ?5.3?Potential Reach of the Concept of Indirect Discrimination ? Addressing Structural and Systemic Discrimination -- ?5.4?Difficulties and Dilemmas of Indirect Discrimination Review -- ?5.5?Inherent Limitations of the Concept of Indirect Discrimination in Addressing Structural Disadvantage and Systemic Discrimination -- ?5.6?Concluding Remarks -- 6 Lack of (Reasonable) Accommodation as a Modality of Discrimination -- ?6.1?Introduction -- ?6.2?Grounding (Reasonable) Accommodation: Treating Unalike Cases Unalike in Accordance with their Unalikeness -- ?6.3?Lack of Accommodation as a Form of Indirect Discrimination -- ?6.4?Lack of Accommodation as a General, sui generis Modality of Discrimination -- ?6.5?Lack of Accommodation as a Particular, sui generis Modality of Non-Discrimination: the CRPD-Model -- ?6.6?Difficulties and Dilemmas of Applying the Concept of (Reasonable) Accommodation -- ?6.7?Concluding Remarks -- 7 Positive Discrimination or Positive Action -- ?7.1?Introduction -- ?7.2?General Features -- ?7.3?Legitimacy, Instrumentality and Legality -- ?7.4?Positive Discrimination or Positive Action Review -- ?7.5?Difficulties and Dilemmas of Positive Discrimination or Positive Action Review -- ?7.6?Concluding Remarks -- 8 Intersectional Discrimination -- ?8.1?Introduction -- ?8.2?General Features -- ?8.3?Intersectional Discrimination Review -- ?8.4?Concluding Remarks -- 9 Concluding Reflections -- ?9.1?Introduction -- ?9.2?The Increasing Reach of Equality as a Legal Standard ? Its Interconnecting Function -- ?9.3?The Central Role of Judicial Bodies -- ?9.4?From a (More) Formal towards a (More) Substantive Approach -- ?9.5?Increasing Complexity ? an Ongoing Process -- Bibliography -- Overview Case Law -- Index. 330 $aThis book provides an in-depth analysis of the central concepts figuring in equality and non-discrimination standards across jurisdictions: formal and substantive equality, direct and indirect discrimination, reasonable accommodation, affirmative action and intersectional discrimination. It explains how different conceptualizations matter and may result in different outcomes in legislation, case law and policies. In doing so it draws on examples from a wide variety of sources, including the European, Inter-American and global human rights systems and the jurisprudence of the apex courts in Canada, India, South Africa and the US. This study also shows how the conceptualization of equality has been moving overall from formal to more substantive equality. 410 0$aHuman Rights and Humanitarian Law E-Books Online, Collection 2025. 410 0$aNijhoff Law Specials ;$v111. 517 3 $aFrom Formal to More Substantive Equality 606 $aHuman Rights and Humanitarian Law 606 $aHuman rights 606 $aInternational criminal law 615 0$aHuman Rights and Humanitarian Law. 615 0$aHuman rights. 615 0$aInternational criminal law. 676 $a341 700 $aLoenen$b Titia$01793891 801 0$bNL-LeKB 801 1$bNL-LeKB 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910984502203321 996 $aThe Conceptualization of Equality and Non-discrimination as Legal Standards$94334212 997 $aUNINA