LEADER 05298oam 2200685z- 450 001 9910978249703321 005 20250912195107.0 010 $a9780691090153 010 $a0691090157 010 $a9781400823437 010 $a1400823439 024 7 $a2027/heb08935 035 $a(CKB)3580000000002173 035 $a(Perlego)735811 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1174355 035 $a(dli)HEB08935 035 $a(MiU)MIU01200000000000000000086 035 $a(EXLCZ)993580000000002173 100 $a20190927d2000 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmnummmmuuuu 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 14$aThe furies $eviolence and terror in the French and Russian Revolutions /$fArno J. Mayer 210 $aPrinceton, New Jersey ;$aChichester, West Sussex $cPrinceton University Press$d2000 215 $a1 online resource (xvii, 716 p. )$cGrayscale Illustration 300 $aPublished by Princeton University Press. 300 $aThis book has been composed in Galliard. 300 $aThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper). 300 $aPrinted in the United States of America. 311 08$a9781400805242 311 08$a1400805244 311 08$a9780691048970 311 08$a0691048975 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aConceptual Signposts -- Crescendo of Violence -- Metropolitan Condescension and Rural Distrust -- The Sacred Contested -- A World Unhinged. 327 $aRevolution -- Counterrevolution -- Violence -- Terror -- Vengeance -- Religion -- The Return of Vengeance: Terror in France, 1789?95 -- In the Eye of a ?Time of Troubles??: Terror in Russia, 1917?21 -- Peasant War in France: The Vende?e -- Peasant War in Russia: Ukraine and Tambov -- Engaging the Gallican Church and the Vatican -- Engaging the Russian Orthodox Church -- Perils of Emancipation: Protestants and Jews in the Revolutionary Whirlwind -- Externalization of the French Revolution: The Napoleonic Wars -- Internalization of the Russian Revolution: Terror in One Country. 330 8 $aThe great romance and fear of bloody revolution--strange blend of idealism and terror--have been superseded by blind faith in the bloodless expansion of human rights and global capitalism. Flying in the face of history, violence is dismissed as rare, immoral, and counterproductive. Arguing against this pervasive wishful thinking, the distinguished historian Arno J. Mayer revisits the two most tumultuous and influential revolutions of modern times: the French Revolution of 1789 and the Russian Revolution of 1917. Although these two upheavals arose in different environments, they followed similar courses. The thought and language of Enlightenment France were the glories of western civilization; those of tsarist Russia's intelligentsia were on its margins. Both revolutions began as revolts vowed to fight unreason, injustice, and inequality; both swept away old regimes and defied established religions in societies that were 85% peasant and illiterate; both entailed the terrifying return of repressed vengeance. Contrary to prevalent belief, Mayer argues, ideologies and personalities did not control events. Rather, the tide of violence overwhelmed the political actors who assumed power and were rudderless. Even the best plans could not stem the chaos that at once benefited and swallowed them. Mayer argues that we have ignored an essential part of all revolutions: the resistances to revolution, both domestic and foreign, which help fuel the spiral of terror. In his sweeping yet close comparison of the world's two transnational revolutions, Mayer follows their unfolding--from the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Bolshevik Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited Masses; the escalation of the initial violence into the reign of terror of 1793-95 and of 1918-21; the dismemberment of the hegemonic churches and religion of both societies; the "externalization" of the terror through the Napoleonic wars; and its "internalization" in Soviet Russia in the form of Stalin's "Terror in One Country." Making critical use of theory, old and new, Mayer breaks through unexamined assumptions and prevailing debates about the attributes of these particular revolutions to raise broader and more disturbing questions about the nature of revolutionary violence attending new foundations. 606 $aPolitical violence$zFrance 606 $aPolitical violence$zSoviet Union 606 $aTerror$zSoviet Union 606 $aComparative/World 607 $aFrance$xHistory$yRevolution, 1789-1799$xInfluence 607 $aSoviet Union$xHistory$yRevolution, 1917-1921$xInfluence 607 $aFrance$xHistory$yReign of Terror, 1793-1794 615 0$aPolitical violence 615 0$aPolitical violence 615 0$aTerror 615 4$aComparative/World. 676 $a944.04 700 $aMayer$b Arno J$0173473 712 02$aAmerican Council of Learned Societies. 801 0$bMiU 801 1$bMiU 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910978249703321 996 $aThe Furies$94321601 997 $aUNINA 999 $aConcerto