LEADER 04642nam 2200625 a 450 001 9910974335603321 005 20251116142448.0 010 $a1-282-06300-6 010 $a9786612063008 010 $a0-253-10923-X 035 $a(CKB)111056485406248 035 $a(OCoLC)85024933 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10083752 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000183274 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11170412 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000183274 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10195334 035 $a(PQKB)10306996 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3014842 035 $a(OCoLC)51073985 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse16876 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3014842 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10083752 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL206300 035 $a(BIP)46851568 035 $a(BIP)7161213 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111056485406248 100 $a20010329d2002 ub 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aInvestigate everything $efederal efforts to compel Black loyalty during World War I /$fTheodore Kornweibel, Jr 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aBloomington, IN $cIndiana University Press$dc2002 215 $a1 online resource (337 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a0-253-34009-8 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aMachine generated contents note: Prologue. "Patriotism and Loyalty Presuppose Protection -- and Liberty" 1 -- 1. "It became necessary to investigate everything": The Birth of Modem -- Political Intelligence 10 -- 2. "Very full of the anti-war spirit": Fears of Enemy Subversion during -- World War I 37 -- 3. "Slackers, Delinquents, and Deserters": African Americans and Draft -- Enforcement during World War I 76 -- 4. "The most dangerous of all Negro journals": Federal Efforts to Silence -- the Chicago Defender 118 -- 5. "Every word is loaded with sedition": The Crisis and the NAACP -- under Suspicion 132 -- 6. "I thank my God for the persecution": The Church of God in Christ -- under Attack 149 -- 7. "Rabid and inflammatory": Further Attacks on the Pen -- and Pulpit 164 -- 8. "Spreading enemy propaganda": Alien Enemies, Spies, -- and Subversives 188 -- 9. "Perhaps you will be shot": Sex, Spies, Science, and the -- Moens Case 199 -- 10. "Negro Subversion": Army Intelligence Investigations during -- World War I 226 -- Epilogue. "The Negro is 'seeing red'": From the World War into -- the Red Scare 270. 330 $aFree speech for African Americans during World War I had to be exercised with great caution. The federal government, spurred by a superpatriotic and often alarmed white public, determined to suppress any dissent against the war and require 100% patriotism from the black population. These pressures were applied by America s modern political intelligence system, which emerged during the war. Its major partners included the Bureau of Investigation (renamed the FBI in 1935); the Military Intelligence Division; and the investigative arms of the Post Office and State departments. Numerous African American individuals and institutions, as well as 'enemy aliens' believed to be undermining black loyalty, became their targets. Fears that the black population was being subverted by Germans multiplied as the United States entered the war in April 1917. In fact, only a handful of alleged enemy subversives were ever identified, and none were found to have done anything more than tell blacks that they had no good reason to fight, or that Germany would win. Nonetheless, they were punished under wartime legislation which criminalized anti-war advocacy. Theodore Kornweibel, Jr. reveals that a much greater proportion of blacks was disenchanted with the war than has been previously acknowledged. A considerable number were privately apathetic, while others publically expressed dissatisfaction or opposition to the war. Kornweibel documents the many forms of suppression used to intimidate African Americans, and contends that these efforts to silence black protest established precedents for further repression of black militancy during the postwar Red Scare. " 606 $aWorld War, 1914-1918$xAfrican Americans 606 $aWorld War, 1914-1918$zUnited States 615 0$aWorld War, 1914-1918$xAfrican Americans. 615 0$aWorld War, 1914-1918 676 $a940.4/03 700 $aKornweibel$b Theodore$01872062 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910974335603321 996 $aInvestigate everything$94481107 997 $aUNINA