LEADER 06457nam 2200745Ia 450 001 9910974001203321 005 20251017110054.0 010 $a9786610192236 010 $a9780309175920 010 $a0309175925 010 $a9781280192234 010 $a1280192232 010 $a9780309588843 010 $a0309588847 010 $a9780585164496 010 $a0585164495 035 $a(CKB)110986584751746 035 $a(OCoLC)559259828 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10055182 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000105384 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11653237 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000105384 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10100804 035 $a(PQKB)11475078 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376187 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10055182 035 $a(OCoLC)923261799 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376187 035 $a(Perlego)4736357 035 $a(DNLM)807798 035 $a(BIP)47174753 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751746 100 $a19960313d1996 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 04$aThe Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's thyroid function study $ea radiological risk and ethical analysis /$fCommittee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine¹³¹ ... [et al.] 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1996 215 $a1 online resource (116 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309054287 311 08$a0309054281 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aThe Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study: A Radiological Risk and Ethical Analysis -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- DESCRIPTION OF THE AAL THYROID FUNCTION STUDY -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF I ADMINISTRATION IN HUMANS -- THE ETHICS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- THE COMMITTEE'S CHARGE -- THE AAL AND THE THYROID FUNCTION STUDY -- CONDUCT OF THE STUDY: SAMPLE SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION -- Alaska Natives -- Army and Air Force Servicemen -- CONDUCT OF THE STUDY: SUBJECT SELECTION -- Wainwright -- Anaktuvuk Pass -- Fort Yukon -- Arctic Village -- Point Hope -- Military Testing -- STUDY RESULTS -- THE COMMITTEE'S METHODS -- Written Information -- Interview and Public Hearing Information -- COMMON THEMES FROM THE PUBLIC SESSION -- 2 Health Effects of I Administration in Humans -- RADIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE AAL STUDY -- OVERVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE REGARDING RADIATION-INDUCED THYROID CANCER -- CALCULATIONS OF RADIATION RISK -- RISK ESTIMATES FOR THE AAL STUDY -- SIGNIFICANCE OF CALCULATED RISKS OF RADIATION-INDUCED THYROID CANCER -- RADIATION GUIDELINES FOR I USAGE-THEN AND NOW -- 1957 Guidelines -- Current Guidelines -- THE EVOLUTION OF OUR UNDERSTANDING OF RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS -- 3 The Ethics of Human Subjects Research -- BACKGROUND -- Evolution of Ethical Standards -- The Nuremberg Code -- After the Code -- The Evolution of Modern Federal Regulations -- The Nuremberg Code as Applied to AAL Research in 1955-1957 -- The Common Rule and the AAL Research: Looking Back from the 1990s -- CONCLUSION -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Appendix A Thyroid Function in Health and Disease -- THE HUMAN THYROID -- ROLE OF IODINE IN THYROID FUNCTION AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS -- URINARY AND SALIVARY EXCRETION STUDIES. 327 $aCONVERSION RATIO AND PLASMA LEVELS OF PBI -- RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THYROID FUNCTION -- UTILIZATION OF I AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL -- CONTRAINDICATIONS TO THE USE OF I -- Appendix B Summary of the Public Session -- Appendix C Thyroid Radiation Dose Estimates for I as Determined by the Radiation Internal Dose Information Center, Oak... -- Appendix D SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Washington -- Appendix E Informed Consent Elements of Disclosure -- Appendix F Principles for the Conduct of Research in the Arctic -- INTRODUCTION -- IMPLEMENTATION -- PUBLICATIONS -- Appendix G Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- Appendix H Glossary. 330 $aDuring the 1950s, with the Cold War looming, military planners sought to know more about how to keep fighting forces fit and capable in the harsh Alaskan environment. In 1956 and 1957, the U.S. Air Force's former Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory conducted a study of the role of the thyroid in human acclimatization to cold. To measure thyroid function under various conditions, the researchers administered a radioactive medical trace, Iodine-131, to Alaska Natives and white military personnel; based on the study results, the researchers determined that the thyroid did not play a significant role in human acclimatization to cold. When this study of thyroid function was revisited at a 1993 conference on the Cold War legacy in the Arctic, serious questions were raised about the appropriateness of the activity--whether it posed risks to the people involved and whether the research had been conducted within the bounds of accepted guidelines for research using human participants. In particular, there was concern over the relatively large proportion of Alaska Natives used as subjects and whether they understood the nature of the study. This book evaluates the research in detail, looking at both the possible health effects of Iodine-131 administration in humans and the ethics of human subjects research. This book presents conclusions and recommendations and is a significant addition to the nation's current reevaluation of human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War. 606 $aThyroid gland function tests$xHealth aspects$zAlaska 606 $aIodine$xIsotopes$xDiagnostic use$xMoral and ethical aspects 606 $aMedical ethics$zAlaska 615 0$aThyroid gland function tests$xHealth aspects 615 0$aIodine$xIsotopes$xDiagnostic use$xMoral and ethical aspects. 615 0$aMedical ethics 676 $a616.4/4 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine¹³¹. 712 02$aArctic Aeromedical Laboratory (U.S.) 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910974001203321 996 $aThe Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's thyroid function study$94366837 997 $aUNINA