LEADER 05856nam 2200661 a 450 001 9910973828003321 005 20251116140659.0 010 $a9786610193134 010 $a9781280193132 010 $a1280193131 010 $a9780309538121 010 $a0309538122 010 $a9780585024233 010 $a0585024235 035 $a(CKB)110986584751516 035 $a(OCoLC)42329061 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10060416 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000248290 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11208714 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000248290 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10201913 035 $a(PQKB)11248019 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376846 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376846 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10060416 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL19313 035 $a(OCoLC)923266517 035 $a(Perlego)4734730 035 $a(BIP)1482494 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751516 100 $a19940823d1994 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aSolar influences on global change /$fBoard on Global Change, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1994 215 $a1 online resource (179 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309051484 311 08$a0309051487 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 141-159). 327 $aSolar Influences On Global Change -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- Solar Influences On Global Change -- Executive Summary -- SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- THE COUPLED SUN-EARTH SYSTEM -- GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH -- SOLAR INFLUENCES ON GLOBAL CHANGE: A MAJOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ELEMENT OF THE USGCRP -- OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT -- 2 Solar Variations and Climate Change -- BACKGROUND -- TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE VARIABILITY -- Contemporary Measurements -- Implications from Observations of Solar Surrogates -- Geophysical Proxies -- Evidence from Observations of Sun-Like Stars -- SOLAR FORCING OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- Solar Irradiance Changes and the Relatively Recent Climate -- Solar Activity Cycles and the Weather -- Insolation Changes Due to Orbital Variations -- 3 Solar Variations, Ozone, and the Middle Atmosphere -- BACKGROUND -- SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION -- Measurements of Solar UV Spectral Irradiance -- Irradiance Variability Parameterizations -- ENERGETIC PARTICLES -- Solar Proton Events -- Relativistic Electrons -- Galactic Cosmic Rays -- SOLAR FORCING OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE -- Effects from Variations in UV Irradiance -- Effects from Solar Proton Events -- Effects from Relativistic Electron Precipitation -- ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION REACHING THE BIOSPHERE -- 4 Solar Variations and the Upper Atmosphere -- BACKGROUND -- SOLAR EUV AND UV RADIATION -- Measurements of Solar EUV Spectral Irradiance -- Irradiance Variability Parameterizations -- AURORAL PARTICLE AND ELECTRIC FIELD INPUTS -- GLOBAL CURRENTS AND ELECTRIC FIELD COUPLINGS -- Global Circuit Processes -- Electrical Couplings Between the Upper and Lower Atmospheres -- SOLAR FORCING AND GLOBAL CHANGE WITHIN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE -- COUPLINGS OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE TO THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE. 327 $a5 Solar Variations and the Earth's Near-Space Environment -- BACKGROUND -- THE SOLAR WIND AND THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE -- SOLAR ERUPTIVE EVENTS AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS -- TERRESTRIAL IMPACTS -- 6 Understanding the Variable Sun -- BACKGROUND -- ORIGINS OF SOLAR VARIABILITY -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOLAR SURFACE STRUCTURE AND ENERGY FROM THE SUN-AS-A-STAR -- Radiation -- Plasma and Particles -- Cosmic Rays -- REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING -- Present -- Past -- Future -- 7 Research Strategies -- MONITORING SOLAR FORCING -- Total Solar Irradiance -- Solar Spectral Irradiance -- Energetic Particles -- Ground Based Solar Variability Indicators -- MONITORING TERRESTRIAL SOLAR EFFECTS -- Lower Atmosphere -- Middle Atmosphere -- Upper Atmosphere -- UNDERSTANDING SOLAR INFLUENCES ON GLOBAL CHANGE -- Studies of Present Day Behavior -- Records of the Past -- UNDERSTANDING AND PREDICTING SOLAR VARIABILITY -- PROGRAMMATIC APPROACH -- Need for Interdisciplinary Efforts -- Connections to Other Areas of the USGCRP -- Agency Roles -- International Aspects -- 8 Recommendations -- SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE FOR ASSIGNING PRIORITIES -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Primary Recommendation -- Additional Recommendations -- References -- Acronyms. 330 $aAre variations in the energy generated by the Sun sufficient to modify the Earth's global environment at levels comparable to expected anthropogenic changes? Debated contentiously for more than a century, this question must now be posed with new urgency: the proper specification of natural global changes is a prerequisite for detecting anthropogenic impacts. Important advances over the past decade in our knowledge of the Sun and of the terrestrial responses to solar variability provides the basis for answering this question with unprecedented surety, but significant uncertainties remain. This book addresses current monitoring and understanding of solar influences on both the climate system and the ozone layer and prioritizes the research effort that will be needed to provide a sound scientific basis for policymaking related to global change issues. 606 $aSolar atmosphere$vObservations 615 0$aSolar atmosphere 676 $a551.5/271 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Global Change. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910973828003321 996 $aSolar influences on global change$94364751 997 $aUNINA