LEADER 08865nam 2200721 a 450 001 9910973712503321 005 20251116140445.0 010 $a9786610196586 010 $a9781280196584 010 $a1280196580 010 $a9780309585262 010 $a0309585260 010 $a9780585023885 010 $a0585023883 035 $a(CKB)110986584751258 035 $a(OCoLC)42329032 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10055490 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000236944 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11188308 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000236944 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10191051 035 $a(PQKB)11578078 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376346 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376346 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10055490 035 $a(OCoLC)923263033 035 $a(Perlego)4736730 035 $a(BIP)1367241 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751258 100 $a19940812d1994 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aRestoring and protecting marine habitat $ethe role of engineering and technology /$fCommittee on the Role of Technology in Marine Habitat Protection and Enhancement, Marine Board, Commission of Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1994 215 $a1 online resource (211 p.) 300 $a"The program described in this report is supported by Cooperative Agreement No. 14-35-0001-30475 between the Minerals Management Service of the U.S. Department of Interior and the National Academy of Sciences"--T.p. verso. 311 08$a9780309048439 311 08$a0309048435 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 173-193). 327 $aRestoring and Protecting Marine Habitat -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- BACKGROUND -- THE NRC STUDY -- REPORT ORGANIZATION -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- DO PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, RESTORATION, AND CREATION TECHNOLOGIES WORK? -- WHAT INSTITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE NEEDED? -- WHAT RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE STATE OF PRACTICE? -- 1 Introduction -- MARINE HABITAT-A NATIONAL TREASURE IN DECLINE -- Scope of Marine Habitat Degradation and Loss -- Finding Balance Among Competing Objectives -- THE CHALLENGE FOR COASTAL ENGINEERING -- Overview of Scientific and Engineering Capabilities -- Status of Science and Engineering -- Scientific Tools and Techniques -- Coastal Engineering Tools and Techniques -- 2 Scientific and Engineering Perspectives -- ECOLOGICAL SETTING -- THE SCOPE OF COASTAL ENGINEERING -- IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE COASTAL ZONE -- OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF SEA LEVEL RISE TO THE APPLICATION OF PROTECTION AND RESTORATION TECHNOLOGY -- DEFINING SUCCESS -- SUMMARY -- 3 The State of Engineering Practice in Marine Habitat Management -- RESTORATION TECHNICAL ISSUES -- Functionality Following the Application of Technology -- Use of Dredging and Dredged Material in Restoration -- APPLYING TECHNOLOGY -- Shoreline Engineering -- Estuaries -- Seagrass Meadows -- Intertidal Marshes -- Ecological Considerations -- Restoring Intertidal Marshes -- Mangrove Forests -- Coral Reefs -- Artificial Reefs -- DREDGING AND DREDGED MATERIAL PLACEMENT -- Historical Uses of Dredged Material -- Dredging and Dredged Material Placement Technology -- Application of Dredged Material to Habitat Protection and Restoration -- Underwater Berms -- Shallow Water Vegetated Habitats -- Oyster Beds -- ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINIMIZING OR AVOIDING IMPACTS TO MARINE HABITAT. 327 $aImproving Channel Design and Maintenance -- Alternatives to Access Canals for Mineral Exploration and Production in Coastal Marshes -- Directional Drilling -- Spray Dredging -- Air-Cushion Vehicles -- Management of Wastewater and Storm Water -- IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS AFFECTING USE OF TECHNOLOGY -- Shoreline Change Predictive Capabilities -- Time Scale Predictions -- Spatial Scale Predictions -- Performance of Habitat Protection and Restoration Projects -- Professional Qualifications of Practitioners -- Regulation of Restoration Projects -- General Status of Restoration Regulation -- SUMMARY -- 4 The Application of Protection and Restoration Technology in Marine Habitat Management -- CASE STUDY FINDINGS -- SUMMARY -- 5 Institutional Issues Affecting Marine Habitat Management -- INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES -- The Absence of National Direction -- Conflicting Guidance -- Limited Compliance, Monitoring, and Enforcement -- Regulatory Programs and Constraints -- Disincentives -- The Lack of Incentives -- Decision making -- Professional Development -- Education -- Ecology Training for Engineers -- Engineering Training for Scientists -- Curriculum Needs -- Continuing Professional Education -- Professional Regulation -- Public Education -- Limited Information Transfer -- SUMMARY -- 6 Improving Project Performance -- PROJECT PERFORMANCE -- Restoration Project Failure -- The Decision Model -- THE DECISION PROCESS -- Goals and Objectives -- Project Design -- Baseline Conditions -- Design Protocols -- Performance Criteria -- Technology Transfer -- Multidisciplinary Teamwork -- Cost Effectiveness and Economies of Scale -- Implementation and Construction -- Performance Monitoring, Measurement and Analysis -- Monitoring Regimes -- Maintenance and Management -- SUMMARY -- 7 Research Needs -- RESEARCH PROGRAMS RELEVANT TO MARINE HABITAT MANAGEMENT -- Federal Programs. 327 $aState and Private Programs -- Industry-Sponsored Research -- Basic Research -- Applied Research -- Interagency Coordination -- MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -- ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY NEEDS -- Soils and Substrates -- Vegetation -- Physical Energy Systems -- Socioeconomic Factors -- ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY NEEDS -- Placement and Stabilization of Dredged Material -- Geotextiles -- Specialized Equipment -- Structural Design -- Placement and Handling of Contaminated Sediments -- Multipurpose Applications -- SUMMARY -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- DO HABITAT PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, RESTORATION, AND CREATION TECHNOLOGIES WORK? -- Scientific Knowledge and Engineering Capabilities Can be Effectively Applied -- A Multidisciplinary Approach Improves the Potential for Success -- Determination of Project Success Depends on Sound Performance Criteria and Monitoring -- WHAT INSTITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE NEEDED? -- A National Policy is Needed to Guide Marine Habitat Protection and Restoration -- Implementation Goals and Objectives Are Essential -- Institutional Mechanisms Need to be Improved -- Continuing Professional Development Is Essential -- WHAT RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE STATE OF PRACTICE? -- APPENDIX A Biographical Sketches -- APPENDIX B Case Studies -- HABITAT ASSESSMENTS USING SPECIES LIFE HISTORIES -- WATER WAY DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS IN THE SAVANNAH RIVER ESTUARY -- CHESAPEAKE BAY PROTECTION AND RESTORATION INITIATIVES -- Windmill Point, Virginia -- Wetlands Restoration -- Oyster Beds -- Maryland Shore Erosion Control -- Multipurpose Sites -- TAMPA BAY WETLAND RESTORATIONS -- SAN FRANCISCO BAY WETLANDS RESTORATION -- ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF KIAWAH ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA -- INLET ENGINEERING SEABROOK ISLAND AT SOUTH CAROLINA -- MARSH RESTORATION AND CREATION USING DREDGED MATERIALS -- Pointe Mouillee, Michigan. 327 $aMiller Sands Island, Oregon -- Southwest Pass, Lower Mississippi River, Louisiana -- CREATION OF SEA AND WADING BIRD NESTING ISLANDS IN NORTH CAROLINA -- UNDERWATER FEEDER AND STABLE BERMS DAUPHIN ISLAND, MOBILE -- ARTIFICIAL REEF TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS -- Artificial Reef Technology in Japan -- Artificial Reef Technology in the United States -- BIOENGINEERING APPLICATIONS FOR COASTAL RESTORATION -- GIS APPLICATION IN MARINE HABITAT MANAGEMENT -- APPENDIX C Source Reference Table -- APPENDIX D Summary of Solicited Expert Accounts -- References. 330 $aThe results of a study by the Marine Board of the National Research Council address the role of technology in protecting and restoring marine habitat. Subjects include degradation of marine habitats due to natural and human processes, scientific and engineering perspectives on habitat management, en 606 $aHabitat conservation 606 $aMarine ecology 606 $aRestoration ecology 615 0$aHabitat conservation. 615 0$aMarine ecology. 615 0$aRestoration ecology. 676 $a333.91/6416 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on the Role of Technology in Marine Habitat Protection and Enhancement. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910973712503321 996 $aRestoring and protecting marine habitat$94352864 997 $aUNINA