LEADER 08853nam 2200769 a 450 001 9910973711403321 005 20251116140436.0 010 $a9786610211845 010 $a9781280211843 010 $a1280211849 010 $a9780309574952 010 $a0309574951 010 $a9780585037134 010 $a0585037132 035 $a(CKB)110986584751082 035 $a(OCoLC)614743246 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10056736 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000107989 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11138297 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000107989 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10017893 035 $a(PQKB)10305705 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376463 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376463 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10056736 035 $a(OCoLC)697478060 035 $a(Perlego)4733861 035 $a(BIP)113496 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751082 100 $a19920407d1992 ua 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aAutomotive fuel economy $ehow far should we go? /$fCommittee on Fuel Economy of Automobiles and Light Trucks, Energy Engineering Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington $cNational Academy Press$d1992 215 $a1 online resource (279 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309045308 311 08$a0309045304 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aAutomotive Fuel Economy -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- TECHNICALLY ACHIEVABLE FUEL ECONOMY LEVELS -- PROVEN AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY -- SAFETY IMPLICATIONS -- ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES -- THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY -- THE CONSUMER -- POLICIES FOR IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- FUEL ECONOMY TRENDS SINCE 1975 -- THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF REDUCED AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSUMPTION -- Potential Benefits -- Potential Costs -- THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM -- ORGANIZATION OF REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 FUEL USE IN AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS -- THE VEHICLE AS A SYSTEM -- ENGINE TECHNOLOGY AND FUEL USE -- Standard Engine Technology -- Performance/Fuel Economy Trade-Offs -- FUEL ECONOMY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE NEXT DECADE -- Proven Technologies -- Emerging Technologies -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF FUEL ECONOMY MEASURES -- BACKGROUND -- VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS AND FATALITY RISK -- Risk of Crash Involvement -- Risk of Injury -- Design Compatibility -- SAFETY ISSUES IN IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY -- Impact of Downsizing and Downweighting on Safety -- Past Studies -- Data Issues -- Individual versus Societal Risk -- Light Trucks -- Potential for Enhancing Safety through Design and Technology -- STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING SAFETY AND FUEL ECONOMY -- Exposure Control -- Crash Prevention -- Behavior Modification -- SAFETY AS A SOCIETAL VALUE -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES -- THE NATURE OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS -- AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS CONTROL AND AIR QUALITY: A BRIEF HISTORY -- STANDARDS IN THE 1990 CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS -- Federal Standards -- California Standards -- Emission Standards and Technology Development -- EMISSIONS CONTROL AND FUEL ECONOMY -- Control of Oxides of Nitrogen -- The Technical Challenge: Lean NOx Catalyst. 327 $aAlternative NOx Control Strategies -- Control of Hydrocarbons -- Heated Catalysts -- Gasoline Volatility -- Reformulated Gasolines -- Sulfur in Gasoline -- Alternative Fuels -- Control of Stationary Sources -- Impact of Emissions Standards on Light Trucks -- Surveillance of Existing Vehicles -- INDIRECT IMPACTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 IMPACTS ON THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY -- FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE -- EFFECTS OF COMPETITION -- Industry Trends -- Employment Trends -- Changing Market Share -- Product Development -- Manufacturing Productivity -- Capacity for Investment -- Structural Change in the Industry -- THE INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE MARKET -- Impact of Fuel Prices -- Concerns over Greenhouse Gases -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 THE AUTOMOBILE, FUEL ECONOMY, AND THE CONSUMER -- THE AUTO MARKET IS A REPLACEMENT MARKET -- BALANCING FUEL COST, PURCHASE PRICE, AND VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS -- THE AGING POPULATION MAY DEMAND FEWER SMALL CARS -- SHIFTS IN AGGREGATE CONSUMER PREFERENCES -- IMPACTS OF MANDATED FUEL ECONOMY ON THE CONSUMER -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 FUEL ECONOMY PROJECTIONS -- PROJECTING FUEL ECONOMY LEVELS -- Previous Efforts -- Overview of the Projection Methods -- Assumptions Common to All Projections -- HISTORICAL TREND PROJECTIONS -- BEST-IN-CLASS (BIC) PROJECTIONS -- TECHNOLOGY-PENETRATION OR SHOPPING CART PROJECTIONS -- Method and Assumptions -- Data -- Results -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 ACHIEVABLE FUEL ECONOMY LEVELS -- TECHNICALLY ACHIEVABLE FUEL ECONOMY -- Method and Assumptions -- Results -- PRACTICALLY ACHIEVABLE FUEL ECONOMY -- Cost-Benefit Considerations -- Costs and Benefits of Higher Fuel Economy to Consumers -- Costs and Benefits of Higher Fuel Economy to Manufacturers -- Sales -- Employment -- Competitiveness -- Costs and Benefits of Higher Fuel Economy to the Nation. 327 $aPetroleum Consumption -- Safety -- Emissions and the Environment -- The Risk of Choosing Incorrectly -- POLICY COORDINATION AND ANALYSIS -- REFERENCES -- 9 POLICIES FOR IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY -- COMMENTS ON THE EXISTING CAFE SYSTEM -- MARKET APPROACHES TO REDUCED FUEL CONSUMPTION -- Increases in Fuel Price -- Fees and Rebates for Fuel Economy -- IMPROVING THE CAFE SYSTEM -- Timing -- Alternatives to Uniform Fleet Targets -- Light Trucks -- Domestic Content -- CAFE Credits -- Unlawful Conduct -- OTHER POLICIES FOR REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A PRESS RELEASE ANNOUNCING FUEL ECONOMY STUDY -- INTRODUCTION -- OBJECTIVES -- PROPOSED EFFORT -- PHASE 1 -- Task 1 -- Task 2 -- Task 3 -- Task 4 -- PHASE 2 -- Task 5 -- Task 6 -- ANTICIPATED RESULTS -- Committee Agenda: -- APPENDIX B PROVEN AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: FUEL ECONOMY AND PRICE IMPLICATIONS -- DATA SOURCES FOR THE SHOPPING CART PROJECTIONS -- ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES -- General -- Roller Cam Followers -- Friction Reduction -- Accessory Improvements -- Deceleration Fuel Restriction -- Compression Ratio Increase -- Fuel Systems (Throttle-Body And Multipoint Fuel Injection) -- Valve Train Technologies -- Overhead Camshaft -- Four Valves per Cylinder -- Variable Valve Timing and Lift Control -- Number of Cylinders -- Transmission Technologies -- Torque Converter Lockup -- Electronic Transmission Controls -- 4-Speed and 5-Speed Automatic Transmissions -- Continuously Variable Transmissions -- 5-Speed Manual Transmission -- ROLLING RESISTANCE, AERODYNAMICS, WEIGHT, PERFORMANCE -- Front-Wheel Drive -- Aerodynamics -- Weight Reduction -- Electric Power Steering -- Advanced Tires, Rolling Resistance -- Reductions in Performance -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX C EMERGING ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPT AND PROTOTYPE VEHICLES -- EMERGING ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES -- Lean-Burn Engine. 327 $aDiesel Engine -- Two-Stroke Engine -- CONCEPT AND PROTOTYPE VEHICLES -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D Vehicle Size and Occupant Safety: Private Versus Societal Risks in Two-Car Collisions -- APPENDIX E SHOPPING CART PROJECTION METHOD: AN ILLUSTRATION FOR SUBCOMPACT CARS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX F COMMITTEE MEETINGS AND ACTIVITIES -- APPENDIX G BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- INDEX. 330 $aExplores the technical, financial, psychological, environmental, and political factors weighing for and against significant improvement in gas mileage for American cars and light trucks. Acidic paper. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or. 606 $aAutomobiles$xFuel consumption$xStandards$zUnited States 606 $aAutomobiles$zUnited States$xFuel consumption 606 $aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xEnvironmental aspects$zUnited States 606 $aAutomobiles$xFuel consumption$xSocial aspects$zUnited States 606 $aAutomobiles$xFuel consumption$xGovernment policy$zUnited States 615 0$aAutomobiles$xFuel consumption$xStandards 615 0$aAutomobiles$xFuel consumption. 615 0$aAutomobiles$xMotors$xExhaust gas$xEnvironmental aspects 615 0$aAutomobiles$xFuel consumption$xSocial aspects 615 0$aAutomobiles$xFuel consumption$xGovernment policy 676 $a333.79/68 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Fuel Economy of Automobiles and Light Trucks. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910973711403321 996 $aAutomotive fuel economy$94364371 997 $aUNINA