LEADER 05388nam 2200721 a 450 001 9910958790903321 005 20250903231316.0 010 $a9786611959210 010 $a9781281959218 010 $a1281959219 010 $a9780226071657 010 $a0226071650 024 7 $a10.7208/9780226071657 035 $a(CKB)1000000000578843 035 $a(EBL)432184 035 $a(OCoLC)304605070 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000118624 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11129633 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000118624 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10053784 035 $a(PQKB)11780754 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0000123111 035 $a(DE-B1597)525076 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780226071657 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL432184 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10265887 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL195921 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC432184 035 $a(Perlego)1842523 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000578843 100 $a20070802d2008 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||#|||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aCastles, battles, & bombs $ehow economics explains military history /$fJurgen Brauer and Hubert van Tuyll 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aChicago $cUniversity of Chicago Press$d2008 215 $a1 online resource (425 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9780226071640 311 08$a0226071642 311 08$a9780226071633 311 08$a0226071634 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 367-385) and index. 327 $aPreface -- Economics -- Economics -- Principle I: Opportunity cost -- Principle II: Expected marginal costs and benefits -- Principle III: Substitution -- Principle IV: Diminishing marginal returns -- Principle V: asymmetric information and hidden characteristics -- Principle VI: Hidden actions and incentive alignments -- Conclusion: economics--and military history -- The high Middle Ages, 1000-1300: The case of the medieval castle and the opportunity cost of warfare -- Opportunity cost and warfare -- The ubiquity of castles -- The cost of castling -- The advantages of castles -- The cost of armies -- Castle building and the other principles of economics -- Conclusion -- The Renaissance, 1300-1600: the case of the condottieri and the military labor market -- The principal-agent problem -- Demand, supply, and recruitment -- Contracts and pay -- Control and contract evolution -- The development of permanent armies -- Condottieri and the other principles of economics -- Conclusion -- The age of battle, 1618-1815: the case of costs, benefits, and the decision to offer battle -- Expected marginal costs and benefits of battle -- The 1600s: Gustavus Adolphus and Raimondo de Montecuccoli -- The 1700s: Marlborough, de Saxe, and Frederick the Great -- Napoleonic warfare -- The age of battle and the other principles of economics -- Conclusion -- The age of revolution, 1789-1914: the case of the American Civil War and the economics of information asymmetry -- Information and warfare -- North, South, and the search for information -- Major Eastern campaigns through Gettysburg -- Grant in Virginia -- The American Civil War and the other principles of economics -- Conclusion -- The age of the world wars, 1914-1945: the case of diminishing marginal returns to the strategic bombing of Germany in World War II -- A strategic bombing production function -- Bombing German war production -- Bombing the supply chain and the civilian economy -- Bombing German morale -- Assessing the effect of strategic bombing -- Strategic bombing and the other principles of economics -- Conclusion -- The age of the Cold War, 1945-1991: the case of capital-labor substitution and France's Force de Frappe -- History of the Force de Frappe -- The force post-De Gaulle -- Justifying the force -- The force's effect on France's conventional arms -- Substituting nuclear for conventional forces -- The Force de Frappe and the other principles of economics -- Conclusion -- Economics and military history in the twenty-first century -- Economics of terrorism -- Economics of military manpower -- Economics of private military companies -- Economics, historiography, and military history -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Index. 330 $aCastles, Battles, and Bombs reconsiders key episodes of military history from the point of view of economics-with dramatically insightful results. For example, when looked at as a question of sheer cost, the building of castles in the High Middle Ages seems almost inevitable: though stunningly expensive, a strong castle was far cheaper to maintain than a standing army. The authors also reexamine the strategic bombing of Germany in World War II and provide new insights into France's decision to develop nuclear weapons. Drawing on these examples and more, 517 3 $aCastles, battles, and bombs 606 $aWar$xEconomic aspects$xHistory 606 $aMilitary history 615 0$aWar$xEconomic aspects$xHistory. 615 0$aMilitary history. 676 $a355.02/73 700 $aBrauer$b Jurgen$f1957-$01807652 701 $aVan Tuyll$b Hubert P$0483740 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910958790903321 996 $aCastles, battles, & bombs$94357492 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04130oam 2200733I 450 001 9910973580803321 005 20251116193903.0 010 $a1-136-85922-5 010 $a1-138-86262-2 010 $a1-315-02904-9 010 $a1-136-85915-2 024 7 $a10.4324/9781315029047 035 $a(CKB)2550000001171393 035 $a(EBL)1581699 035 $a(OCoLC)866446186 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001129275 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11665986 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001129275 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11077120 035 $a(PQKB)10501833 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1581699 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1581699 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10823890 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL552793 035 $a(OCoLC)866837785 035 $a(OCoLC)1200507558 035 $a(FINmELB)ELB137697 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000001171393 100 $a20180706d2013 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aReligious giving and the invention of karma in Theravada Buddhism /$fJames R. Egge 210 1$aLondon ;$aNew York :$cRoutledge,$d2013. 215 $a1 online resource (204 p.) 225 1 $aCurzon studies in Asian religion 225 0$aCurzon studies in Asian religion 300 $aFirst published in 2002 by Curzon Press. 311 08$a0-7007-1506-1 311 08$a1-306-21542-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Acknowledgements; Abbreviations; Introduction: Question and Method; Meritorious giving and mental purification: one path or two?; Sacrifice and karma in the suttas and in history; The plan of this book; Part One Sacrifice and Karma in Didactic Verse and Discursive Prose; Chapter One: The Discourse of Sacrifice; The structure of Brahmanical sacrifice; Almsgiving as meritorious sacrifice; Uposatha observance as meritorious votive asceticism; Almsgiving as transfer of sacrificial substance; Why sacrifice? 327 $aAnother ideology of the giftChapter Two: The Discourse of Karma; Karma in early Buddhist prose literature; Representations of Vedic sacrifice in karmic prose; The reduction of sacrifice to karma; Why karma?; The invention of karma in ancient South Asia; Part Two Sacrifice and Karma in Narrative; Chapter Three: The Centrality of Sacrifice in Vima?navatthu and Petavatthu; Meritorious and demeritorious acts; Eschatology and cosmology; The attainment of nirva?na; The dedication of dakisna?; Representations of givers 327 $aChapter Four: The Commentaries' Karmic Retelling of the Vima?navatthu and Petavatthu NarrativesMeritorious and demeritorious acts; Eschatology and cosmology; The dedication of daksina? and the dedication of merit; The social context of progress toward nirva?na; Chapter Five: Giving as Sacrifice, Karma, and Heroic Generosity in Si?halavatthuppakarana; Meritorious acts and their fruits; The attainment of nirva?na; Demeritorious acts and the dedication of gifts; The social context of giving and of progress toward nirva?na; Afterword: Doctrine and Narrative; Notes; Bibliography 327 $aEditions and translations of primary textsSecondary literature; Index 330 $aDemonstrates that Buddhists appropriated the practice, vocabulary, and ideology of sacrifice from Vedic religion, and discusses the relationship of this sacrificial discourse to ideas of karma in the Pali canon and in early Buddhism. 410 0$aRoutledge Studies in Asian Religion 606 $aKarma 606 $aTherava?da Buddhism$xDoctrines 606 $aGenerosity$xReligious aspects$xBuddhism 615 0$aKarma. 615 0$aTherava?da Buddhism$xDoctrines. 615 0$aGenerosity$xReligious aspects$xBuddhism. 676 $a294.391 700 $aEgge$b James R.$01873571 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910973580803321 996 $aReligious giving and the invention of karma in Theravada Buddhism$94483687 997 $aUNINA