LEADER 12068nam 2200673Ia 450 001 9910971822003321 005 20251017110103.0 010 $a1-280-22158-5 010 $a9786610221585 010 $a0-309-55507-8 010 $a0-585-15000-1 035 $a(CKB)111000211177012 035 $a(OCoLC)43477179 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10062833 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000234974 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11206047 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000234974 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10246529 035 $a(PQKB)11626452 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376956 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10062833 035 $a(OCoLC)923267328 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376956 035 $a(DNLM)1641856 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111000211177012 100 $a19870724d1987 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aRegulating pesticides in food $ethe Delaney paradox /$fCommittee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues Underlying Pesticide Use Patterns and Agricultural Innovation, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1987 215 $a1 online resource (288 pages) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a0-309-03746-8 327 $aRegulating Pesticides in Food -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- REGULATING PESTICIDES IN FOOD -- Executive Summary -- THE COMMITTEE'S ESTIMATES OF ONCOGENIC RISK -- ESTIMATED ONCOGENIC RISK AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE FOOD SUPPLY -- Findings -- IMPACTS OF FOUR ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO REGULATE ONCOGENIC RESIDUES -- Results of the Scenarios -- Findings -- AN ANALYSIS OF THE FUNGICIDES: A SPECIAL CASE -- PESTICIDE INNOVATION AND ALTERNATIVE PEST-CONTROL METHODS -- Alternative Technologies -- The Effect of the Delaney Clause on R& -- D -- The Minor Use Issue -- The Delaney Clause and Pest Resistance -- MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Legal Basis for Regulation -- A Nonzero Standard for Oncogenic Risk -- Targeting High-Risk Pesticide and Crop Uses -- The Adoption of an Analytical Framework -- 1 Introduction -- FIFRA AND THE FDC ACT -- THE DELANEY CLAUSE AND THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT -- THE COMMITTEE'S TASKS -- NOTES -- 2 The Current System: Theory and Practice -- REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES UNDER FIFRA -- TOLERANCE SETTING UNDER THE FDC ACT -- Section 408-The Statutory Standard -- Section 409 -- The Tolerance-Setting Process Under Sections 408 and 409 -- Overview of the Process -- Specific Data Requirements -- Oncogenicity and Carcinogenicity -- Tolerance Setting for Non-Oncogenic Pesticides Under Section 408 -- Tolerance Setting for Oncogenic Compounds Under Section 408 -- Tolerance Setting Under Section 409 -- THE DATA CALL-IN PROGRAM -- THE DELANEY CLAUSE-A CLOSER EXAMINATION -- SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS AND ISSUES POSED BY THE DELANEY CLAUSE -- Inconsistency -- The Issue of Concentration in Processed Foods -- Paradoxical Regulatory Results -- NOTES -- 3 Estimates of Dietary Oncogenic Risks -- INTRODUCTION -- Pesticide Use Patterns in the United States -- Pesticide Use Data -- Problems in Estimating Current Risk. 327 $aDESCRIPTION OF THE DATA BASE AND THE ANALYTICAL METHOD -- The Universe of Oncogenic Pesticides -- Estimating Dietary Exposure to Pesticide Residues -- Food Consumption Data -- Method for Estimating Residues in Food -- Method for Estimating Exposure to Residues -- Method for Estimating Residues in Processed Foods -- ESTIMATION OF ONCOGENIC RISK -- An Analysis of Estimated Oncogenic Risk -- Distribution of Risk By Tolerance Type: Section 408 Versus Section 409 -- Oncogenic Risk Derived from Residues in Animal Feeds -- Distribution of Estimated Risk by Type of Pesticide -- Distribution of Estimated Risk by Active Ingredient -- Distribution of Estimated Risk by Crop -- EPA'S INTERPRETATION OF THE DELANEY CLAUSE TO DATE -- EPA Application of the Delaney Clause to New Active Ingredients -- CASE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL POLICY PRECEDENTS -- Tolerances for New Active Ingredients -- Prior-Sanctioned Pesticides -- Tolerance Actions and New Active Ingredients -- Fosetyl Al -- Permethrin -- Thiodicarb -- Dicamba -- Tolerance Actions and Old Active Ingredients -- Dicofol and Chlorobenzilate -- Benomyl -- PROJECTING PAST ACTIONS INTO TILE FUTURE -- THE SHORT-TERM POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE DELANEY CLAUSE -- NOTES -- 4 The Scenarios and the Results -- INTRODUCTION -- Selection of Pesticide-Crop Combinations -- ANALYTICAL METHODS -- Dietary Risk -- Pesticide Use -- DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENARIOS AND RESULTS -- Scenario 1 -- Results -- Crop-Level Analysis -- Scenario 2 -- Results -- Effects on Individual Active Ingredients -- Crop-Level Impacts -- Scenario 3 -- Results -- Impacts on Individual Active Ingredients -- Crop-Level Impacts -- Scenario 4 -- Results -- Crop-Level Impacts -- Summary -- NOTE -- 5 Comparing the Impact of the Scenarios -- THE IMPACTS OF THE SCENARIOS ON HERBICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND FUNGICIDES. 327 $aTHE IMPACTS OF THE SCENARIOS ON INDIVIDUAL ACTIVE INGREDIENT RISK -- A CROP-LEVEL ANALYSIS: THE IMPACTS OF THE SCENARIOS ON BENEFITS AND RISKS -- Corn and Soybean Herbicides -- Cotton Insecticides -- Apple Fungicides -- Potato Fungicides -- Tomato Fungicides -- Peanut Fungicides -- ALTERNATIVES TO THE SCENARIOS -- Fungicides: a Special Case -- Cropwide Tolerance Reduction -- Benomyl -- EBDCs -- NOTES -- 6 Pesticide Innovation and the Economic Effects of Implementing the Delaney Clause -- THE INNOVATION PROCESS AND THE PESTICIDE INDUSTRY -- REVIEW OF INDUSTRY R& -- D AND STUDIES TO DATE -- Survey of R& -- D Directors -- Historical Perspective of R& -- D -- Insecticides -- Herbicides -- Fungicides -- FUTURE PROSPECTS IN CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL -- Citrus and Cotton Insecticides -- Corn and Soybean Herbicides -- Apple, Peanut, Potato, and Tomato Fungicides -- CHEMICAL PESTICIDE PROSPECTS RELATIVE TO DIETARY RISKS -- INNOVATION PROSPECTS IN PEST CONTROL -- Plant Breeding -- Genetic Engineering -- Biological Control -- Cultural Pest Control -- SPECIAL CHALLENGES TO INNOVATION -- The Minor-Use Issue -- Liability -- Interregional Project 4 -- The Pesticide Resistance Problem -- NOTES -- Appendixes -- A Legislative History of the Pesticide Residues Amendment of 1954 and the Delaney Clause of the Food Additives Amendment of? -- Statement of Problems -- Question Presented -- Conclusion -- Discussion of Authority -- The Delaney Committee Report -- The Pesticide Residues Amendments -- The Food Additives Amendment -- 1956 Hearings -- 1958 Hearings -- Addition of the Delaney Clause -- NOTES -- B Analytical Methodology for Estimating Oncogenic Risks of Human Exposure to Agricultural Chemicals In Food Crops -- Datamanagement System -- Data Base Construction -- Tape-to-Mainframe Transfer and Data Transformations -- Mainframe-to-Microcomputer Transfer. 327 $aRaw-to-dBASE III Format -- dBASE III-to-Lotus 1-2-3 Transfer -- Data Description and Sources -- Chemical Identification Data -- Chemical Tolerance Data -- Food Consumption Data -- Pesticide Residue Data -- Toxicological Data -- Regulatory Status Data -- Food Processing Data -- Chemical Use And Cost Data -- Pesticide-Commodity Codes -- Analytical Methods -- Risk Calculation -- Chemical Residues -- Consumption Estimates -- Estimate of Chemical Intake -- Potency Factor or Q -- Risk Estimates -- Percentage of Acres Treated -- Scenario Analyses -- Uncertainty in Oncogenic Risk Estimates -- Residue Estimates -- Food Consumption Estimates -- Acreage Treated -- Toxicological Certainty -- Conclusion-Worst-Case Scenario -- Notes -- C Case Studies of the EPA's Application of the Delaney Clause in the Tolerance-Setting Process -- Fosetyl AL -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Benomyl -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Pest Resistance -- Alternatives -- Captan -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary, of Oncogenic Findings -- Estimate of Dietary Oncogenic Risk -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Other Chronic Health Risks -- Chlorobenzilate -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Benefits and Alternatives -- Dicamba -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Oncogenic Contaminants and the Delaney Clause -- Discussion. 327 $aGeneral Safety Clause -- The Constituents Policy -- Benefits of Dicamba -- Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- EBDCs -- ETU -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings -- Dietary Exposure -- Risk Assessment -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- History -- Conversion to ETU -- Alternatives -- Metalaxyl -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings -- Estimation of Risk -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Potential Uses and Alternatives -- Permethrin -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Delaney Clause Issues -- Tomatoes -- Corn -- Soybeans -- Discussion -- Thiodicarb -- Description of the Chemical -- Regulatory Status -- Special Review Criteria Triggered -- Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation -- Thiodicarb and Methomyl -- Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues -- Sensitivity-of-the-Method Procedure -- Notes -- D Pesticide Innovation -- Trends in Innovation -- Notes -- Weed Control -- Herbicides -- New Chemistry -- Biological Control -- Allelopathy -- Genetic Engineering -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Insect Control -- Introduction -- New Chemistry -- Octopamine Agonists -- Avermectins and Milbemycines -- Amidinohydrazones -- Benzoylphenylureas -- Pyrethroids -- Proinsecticides -- Natural Products -- Genetically Engineered Microorganisms -- Bacterial Insecticides -- Vital Insecticides -- Fungal Insecticides -- Future Developments in Microbiological Agents -- Summary -- Notes -- E Survey of Pesticide R& -- D Directors: How Do Current Laws Affect Agricultural Pesticide Research Productivity? -- Index. 330 $aConcern about health effects from exposure to pesticides in foods is growing as scientists learn more about the toxic properties of pesticides. The Delaney Clause, a provision of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, prohibits tolerances for any pesticide that causes cancer in test animals or in humans if the pesticide concentrates in processed food or feeds. This volume examines the impacts of the Delaney Clause on agricultural innovation and on the public's dietary exposure to potentially carcinogenic pesticide residues. Four regulatory scenarios are described to illustrate the effects of varying approaches to managing oncogenic pesticide residues in food. 606 $aPesticides$xGovernment policy$zUnited States 606 $aPesticides$xToxicology 606 $aPesticide residues in food 615 0$aPesticides$xGovernment policy 615 0$aPesticides$xToxicology. 615 0$aPesticide residues in food. 676 $a347.3044232 676 $a344.73/04232 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues Underlying Pesticide Use Patterns and Agricultural Innovation. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910971822003321 996 $aRegulating pesticides in food$94446489 997 $aUNINA LEADER 03001nam 2200685 a 450 001 9910971624403321 005 20251117115926.0 010 $a1-134-90856-3 010 $a1-281-19017-9 010 $a9786611190170 010 $a0-203-15813-X 035 $a(CKB)1000000000002600 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000147695 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11150840 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000147695 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10038050 035 $a(PQKB)10039923 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC165936 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL165936 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10017794 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL119017 035 $a(OCoLC)179111717 035 $a(BIP)63728020 035 $a(BIP)1904605 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000002600 100 $a19950208d1996 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 14$aThe English novel in history, 1950-1995 /$fSteven Connor 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aLondon ;$aNew York $cRoutledge$d1996 215 $avii, 260 p 225 1 $aThe novel in history 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a0-415-07230-1 311 08$a0-415-07231-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 246-254) and index. 327 $aFront Cover -- The English Novel in History, 1950-1995 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgement -- 1. The Novel in Contemporary History -- 2. Conditions of England -- 3. Outside in -- 4. Histories -- 5. Origins and Reversions -- 6. Endings and Living on -- References -- Index. 330 $aSteven Connor provides in-depth analyses of the novel and its relationship with its own form, with contemporary culture and with history. He incorporates an extensive and varied range of writers in his discussions such as * George Orwell * William Golding * Angela Carter * Doris Lessing * Timothy Mo * Hanif Kureishi * Marina Warner * Maggie Gee Written by a foremost scholar of contemporary culture and theory, The English Novel in History, 1950 to the Present offers not only a survey but also a historical and cultural context to British literature produced in the second half of this century. 410 0$aNovel in history. 606 $aEnglish fiction$y20th century$xHistory and criticism 606 $aLiterature and history$zGreat Britain$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aHistorical fiction, English$xHistory and criticism 606 $aPostmodernism (Literature)$zGreat Britain 615 0$aEnglish fiction$xHistory and criticism. 615 0$aLiterature and history$xHistory 615 0$aHistorical fiction, English$xHistory and criticism. 615 0$aPostmodernism (Literature) 676 $a823/.081090914 700 $aConnor$b Steven$f1955-$0221095 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910971624403321 996 $aEnglish novel in history, 1950-1995$9258551 997 $aUNINA