LEADER 06320nam 2200709Ia 450 001 9910970413503321 005 20251116140743.0 010 $a9786610192809 010 $a9780309176095 010 $a0309176093 010 $a9781280192807 010 $a1280192801 010 $a9780309588515 010 $a0309588510 010 $a9780585144580 010 $a0585144583 035 $a(CKB)110986584751688 035 $a(OCoLC)614577103 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10055245 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000190680 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11171426 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000190680 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10180867 035 $a(PQKB)10484610 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376229 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376229 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10055245 035 $a(OCoLC)923262170 035 $a(Perlego)4735049 035 $a(BIP)47112303 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751688 100 $a19961009d1996 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aLearning to predict climate variations associated with El Nino and the southern oscillation $eaccomplishments and legacies of the TOGA program /$fAdvisory Panel for the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Program (TOGA Panel), Climate Research Committee, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1996 215 $a1 online resource (187 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309053426 311 08$a0309053420 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 141-164). 327 $aLearning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTENTS -- SUMMARY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- EL NINO AND THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) -- CONCEPT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT -- 2. GROWTH OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- ENSO: A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE PHENOMENON -- EMERGENCE OF A COHERENT EFFORT (1970-1984) -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOGA PROGRAM -- SCIENTIFIC PLAN FOR TOGA (1985) -- 3. COMPONENTS OF THE U.S. TOGA PROGRAM -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO -- TOGA Observing System -- Volunteer Observing Ships -- Surface Drifters -- Tide-Gauge Network -- TAO Array -- Satellite Observations -- Observing the Atmosphere and Ocean for TOGA -- Sea Surface Temperature -- Surface Wind and Stress -- Subsurface Temperature. -- Sea Level -- Heat and Moisture Fluxes -- Upper-Air Observations -- Other Quantities -- PROCESS STUDIES -- Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) -- Central Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) -- Australian Monsoon Experiment (AMEX) / Equatorial Monsoon Experiment (EMEX) -- Line Islands Array (LIA) -- Tropic Heat -- Tropic Heat II -- Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE). -- North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) Study -- Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) -- Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment (WESTRAX) -- Equatorial Pacific Experiment (EqPac) -- MODELING ENSO -- Ocean Models -- Atmospheric Models -- Coupled Models -- PREDICTION -- TOGA PRODUCTS -- Reanalysis -- TOGA CD-ROM Project -- PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS -- 4. WHAT WE'VE LEARNED -- OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC -- Climatologies -- Evolution of Warm and Cold Events -- The Warming During 1990-1994 -- EFFECTS OF ENSO ON THE REST OF THE GLOBE -- Tropics -- Middle Latitudes -- ENSO and the Asian-Australian Monsoon -- Carbon Dioxide and ENSO. 327 $aTHEORIES OF ENSO -- The Mechanism of ENSO -- Irregularity of ENSO -- Annual Cycle and ENSO -- Optimal Growth of Disturbances and ENSO Predictability -- WORKING IN A LARGER COMMUNITY -- 5. ORGANIZATION -- U.S. ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- NRC's TOGA Panel -- Interagency Coordination of Resources -- TOGA Project Office -- Science Working Groups -- Coordination with International TOGA -- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS -- TOGA as an Integral Part of the WCRP -- Scientific Steering Group (SSG) -- International Project Office -- Intergovernmental TOGA Board -- 6. APPLICATIONS OF ENSO PREDICTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS -- APPLICATIONS OF REGIONAL ENSO FORECASTS -- Peru -- Northeast Brazil -- Australia -- Asia -- Other Foreign Regions -- United States -- 7. THE FUTURE -- WHAT TOGA DIDN'T DO -- OBSTACLES TO PROGRESS -- Compartmentalization -- Building and Maintaining the Infrastructure -- AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE PREDICTION (IRICP) -- GOALS AND CLIVAR -- REFERENCES -- APPENDICES -- A. MEMBERS OF THE TOGA PANEL -- B. TOGA PRODUCTS -- C. ACRONYMS AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS. 330 $aThe TOGA (Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere) Program was designed to study short-term climate variations. A 10-year international program, TOGA made El Nino a household word. This book chronicles the cooperative efforts of oceanographers and meteorologists, several U.S. government agencies, many other nations, and international scientific organizations to study El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It describes the progression from being unable to detect the development of large climate variations to being able to make and use rudimentary climate predictions, especially for some tropical countries. It examines the development of the TOGA Program, evaluates its accomplishments, describes U.S. participation in the program, and makes general recommendations for developing better understanding and predictions of climate variations on seasonal to interannual time scales. 606 $aClimatic changes$xForecasting 606 $aSouthern oscillation 607 $aEl Nin?o Current 615 0$aClimatic changes$xForecasting. 615 0$aSouthern oscillation. 676 $a551.5/24642 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bAdvisory Panel for the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Program. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910970413503321 996 $aLearning to predict climate variations associated with El Nino and the southern oscillation$94351468 997 $aUNINA