LEADER 11787nam 2200817 a 450 001 9910970314603321 005 20251017110105.0 010 $a9786610186525 010 $a9780309183994 010 $a0309183995 010 $a9781280186523 010 $a1280186526 010 $a9780309580700 010 $a0309580706 010 $a9780585150024 010 $a0585150028 035 $a(CKB)110986584752476 035 $a(OCoLC)43477181 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10056954 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000150832 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11153892 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000150832 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10317916 035 $a(PQKB)11025736 035 $a(OCoLC)647367494 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376678 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10056954 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL18652 035 $a(OCoLC)814269239 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376678 035 $a(Perlego)4739236 035 $a(DNLM)892847 035 $a(BIP)47759574 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584752476 100 $a20120315d1999 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aEvaluation of guidelines for exposures to technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials /$fCommittee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Board on Radiation Effects Research Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, DC $cNational Academy Press$d1999 215 $a1 online resource (293 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309062978 311 08$a0309062977 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aEvaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive... -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF STUDY -- RESPONSES TO COMMITTEE CHARGE -- Technical Basis for Differences in Guidelines for TENORM -- Relative Merits of Different Scientific and Technical Assumptions -- Development of Contemporary Risk Analysis for NORM -- OTHER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Policy Judgments for Risk Management -- Consistency of Radiation Guidelines -- Importance of Natural Background for Guidelines for TENORM -- Importance of Knowledge of Sources of TENORM -- Differences in Approaches to Radiation Risk Assessment -- Use of Linear, No-threshold Dose-Response Hypothesis -- Directions for Further Research on TENORM -- 1 Introduction -- DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF STUDY -- THE RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS OF CONCERN -- APPROACH TO THE STUDY -- Evaluation of Guidelines for Indoor Radon -- Evaluation of Guidelines for TENORM Other Than Indoor Radon -- Other Considerations -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 Natural Radioactivity and Radiation -- NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES -- Uranium -- Radium-226 -- Thorium -- Radium-228 -- Radon -- Lead-210 and Polonium-210 -- Potassium-40 -- Rubidium-87 -- Induced Radionuclides -- NATURAL SOURCES OF EXTERNAL IONIZING RADIATION -- Terrestrial Sources of External Radiation -- Cosmic Radiation -- SUMMARY OF HUMAN EXPOSURES TO NATURAL IONIZING RADIATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- 3 Major Sources of Technologically Enhanced Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials -- URANIUM MINING -- PHOSPHATE-FERTILIZER AND ELEMENTAL-PHOSPHORUS PRODUCTION -- RESIDUES OF COAL COMBUSTION -- OIL AND NATURAL-GAS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING -- MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT -- METAL MINING AND PROCESSING -- GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION -- OTHER INDUSTRIES. 327 $aMINIMIZATION OF TENORM -- NONRADIOLOGIC IMPACTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- 4 Role of Exposure and Dose or Risk Assessments in Developing Radiation Standards -- RISK ASSESSMENT OF CARCINOGENS -- Hazard Identification -- Estimation of Dose-Response Relationship -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- ELEMENTS OF RADIATION RISK ASSESSMENT -- USE OF DOSE OR RISK ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPING RADIATION STANDARDS -- SUITABLE APPROACHES TO RISK ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPING STANDARDS -- 5 Basic Approaches to Regulating Radiation Exposures of the Public -- JUDGMENTS ABOUT ACCEPTABILITY OF HEALTH RISKS -- JUDGMENTS ABOUT ACCEPTABILITY OF HEALTH RISKS -- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING STANDARDS -- Justification of Practices -- Measurability of Radioactivity In the Environment -- Natural Background Radiation -- SUMMARY -- 6 Organizations Concerned with Radiation Protection of the Public -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY -- Federal Guidance On Radiation Protection of the Public -- Environmental Radiation Standards Developed Under Atomic Energy Act -- Environmental Radiation Standards Developed Under Other Laws -- Guidance and Regulations for Indoor Radon -- NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION -- DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY -- STATE GOVERNMENTS -- NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS -- HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY -- INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION -- INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY -- COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- 7 Environmental Protection Agency Guidances and Regulations for Naturally Occurring Radionuclides -- GUIDANCE ON RADIATION PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC -- GUIDANCE AND REGULATIONS FOR SPECIFIC SOURCES OR PRACTICES -- Standards for Operations of Uranium Fuel Cycle -- Standards for Radioactivity in Drinking Water -- Standards for Radioactivity in Liquid Discharges. 327 $aStandards for Uranium and Thorium Mill Tailings -- Standards for Management and Disposal of Radioactive Waste -- Standards for Cleanup of Radioactively Contaminated Sites -- Standards for Airborne Emissions of Radionuclides -- Guidance on Radon in Homes -- Applicability of EPA Guidances and Regulations to TENORM -- Other EPA Initiatives for TENORM -- Other Alternatives for EPA Regulation of TENORM -- Risks Corresponding to EPA Guidances and Regulations -- CONSISTENCY OF DIFFERENT GUIDANCES AND REGULATIONS -- Differences in Statutory and Judicial Mandates -- Differences in Primary Bases of Standards -- Differences in Applicability of Standards -- Differences in Population Groups of Primary Concern -- Differences in Considerations of Natural Background -- Other Considerations in Comparing Standards -- Summary of Issues of Consistency of Standards -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STANDARDS AND DOSES EXPERIENCED -- SUMMARY -- 8 Indoor-Radon Guidelines and Recommendations -- RADON MEASUREMENT UNITS -- PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE -- HEALTH EFFECTS AND RISK EVALUATION OF RADON EXPOSURE -- OVERVIEW OF RADON GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DWELLINGS -- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) -- US Environmental Protection Agency -- International Commission on Radiological Protection -- International Atomic Energy Agency -- Commission of the European Communities -- Other -- RADON ACTION LEVELS FOR WORKPLACES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 9 Other Guidances for TENORM -- NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS -- INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION -- HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY -- HPS Recommendations on Radiation Dose Limits for the General Public -- HPS Recommendations on Radiation Standards for Site Cleanup and Restoration -- NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION -- Regulations for Decommissioning of Licensed Facilities. 327 $aGuidance on Disposal of Residual Thorium or Uranium -- DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY -- Management and Disposal of Small Volumes of TENORM -- Management and Disposal of Larger Volumes of TENORM -- STATE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES -- INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY -- COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND OTHER NATIONS -- TRANSFERABILITY OF STANDARDS -- 10 Comparison of Current Guidances for TENORM in the Environment -- INTRODUCTION -- INDOOR RADON -- TENORM OTHER THAN INDOOR RADON -- Guidances on Radiation Protection of the Public Applicable to TENORM -- Guidances for Specific Sources or Practices Involving TENORM -- Bases For Differences in Guidances -- SUMMARY -- 11 Issues in Developing Guidances for TENORM -- SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BASES FOR GUIDANCES -- DIFFERENCES IN TECHNICAL APPROACHES TO RISK ASSESSMENT -- Differences Between Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission Approaches to... -- Comments On Differences Between Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission... -- Importance of Approaches to Risk Assessment for Guidances for TENORM -- Other Issues in Risk Assessment and Guidance Development -- POLICY-BASED DIFFERENCES IN GUIDANCES FOR TENORM -- Limit on Acceptable Dose -- Application of the Environmental Protection Agency's Groundwater-Protection Strategy to TENORM -- Differences Between Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Environmental Protection Agency Approaches to... -- Differences in Guidances for Indoor Radon -- Difference Between Environmental Protection Agency and National Council on Radiation Protection and... -- Treatment of Natural Background in Establishing Guidances -- IMPLICATIONS OF GUIDANCES FOR RISK ASSESSMENT -- 12 Conclusions and Recommendations -- CENTRAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE -- CONTEXT FOR REGULATION OF TENORM. 327 $aRISK ASSESSMENT ISSUES UNDERLYING TENORM REGULATION -- RISK-MANAGEMENT ISSUES UNDERLYING TENORM GUIDELINES -- COMPARABILITY OF GUIDANCES AND REGULATIONS POTENTIALLY RELATED TO TENORM -- ISSUES RELATED TO BACKGROUND RADIATION -- REFERENCES -- Appendix -- RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS DEFINITIONS ACRONYMS -- DEFINITIONS -- LIST OF ACRONYMS -- Information on Committee Members. 330 $aNaturally occurring radionuclides are found throughout the earth's crust, and they form part of the natural background of radiation to which all humans are exposed. Many human activities-such as mining and milling of ores, extraction of petroleum products, use of groundwater for domestic purposes, and living in houses-alter the natural background of radiation either by moving naturally occurring radionuclides from inaccessible locations to locations where humans are present or by concentrating the radionuclides in the exposure environment. Such alterations of the natural environment can increase, sometimes substantially, radiation exposures of the public. Exposures of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that result from human activities that alter the natural environment can be subjected to regulatory control, at least to some degree. The regulation of public exposures to such technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory and advisory organizations is the subject of this study by the National Research Council's Committee on the Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials. 606 $aRadiation$xHealth aspects 606 $aLow-level radiation$xHealth aspects 606 $aRadiation, Background$xHealth aspects 606 $aRadioactive pollution$xHealth aspects 615 0$aRadiation$xHealth aspects. 615 0$aLow-level radiation$xHealth aspects. 615 0$aRadiation, Background$xHealth aspects. 615 0$aRadioactive pollution$xHealth aspects. 676 $a612/.01448 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910970314603321 996 $aEvaluation of guidelines for exposures to technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials$94351460 997 $aUNINA