LEADER 06544nam 2200757 a 450 001 9910970042703321 005 20251116140430.0 010 $a9786610203918 010 $a9781280203916 010 $a1280203919 010 $a9780309565141 010 $a0309565146 010 $a9780585154084 010 $a0585154082 035 $a(CKB)110986584751050 035 $a(OCoLC)43477230 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10056703 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000175337 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11154378 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000175337 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10204049 035 $a(PQKB)10030612 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376430 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376430 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10056703 035 $a(OCoLC)697694017 035 $a(Perlego)4734691 035 $a(BIP)1099131 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751050 100 $a19901126d1991 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aHurricane Elena, Gulf Coast, August 29-September 2, 1985 /$fprepared by Peter Sparks ... [et al.] for Committee on Natural Disasters, Division of Natural Hazard Mitigation, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1991 215 $a1 online resource (135 p.) 225 1 $aNatural disaster studies ;$vv. 2 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309044349 311 08$a0309044340 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 102-104). 327 $aNATURAL DISASTER STUDIES -- Copyright -- NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES -- INVITATION FOR DISCUSSION -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Executive Summary -- METEOROLOGY -- WARNINGS AND EVACUATION -- INJURIES AND DEATHS -- DAMAGE -- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Need for In-Depth Study Following Postdisaster Investigation -- Forecasting, Warning, and Evacuation -- Need for Surface Wind-Speed Measurement -- Structural Performance and Building Codes -- 2 Meteorological Aspects -- SYNOPTIC HISTORY -- NEARSHORE AND LANDFALL STORM CHARACTERISTICS -- Wind Speeds -- Tides -- Rainfall -- Tornadoes -- Pressure -- FORECAST GUIDANCE -- STORM SURGE AND THE SLOSH MODEL -- SLOSH for Hurricane Elena -- 3 Preparedness and Response -- THE WARNING PROCESS -- ELENA AND THE GULF COAST'S RESPONSES -- EVALUATION -- Emergency Response Decision Making -- Multiple Evacuations -- Vacationer Response -- Public Response in the Tampa Bay-to-Sarasota Area -- Use of Regional Hurricane Evacuation Studies -- Evacuation Zones -- Behavioral Analyses -- Clearance Times -- Regional Boundaries -- 4 Wind Damage to Buildings -- WIND DAMAGE IN MISSISSIPPI -- Building Regulations -- Design Wind Speeds and Pressures -- Wind Resistance of Structural Systems -- Load Combinations -- Wind-Load-Resisting Systems -- Workmanship and Materials -- Nonengineered" Structures -- Detailed Damage Descriptions of Classes of Structures -- Schools -- Commercial Structures -- Motels -- Churches -- Single-Family Dwellings -- Multifamily Dwellings -- Mobile Homes -- Metal Building Systems -- Fully Engineered Buildings -- Other Structures -- WIND DAMAGE IN ALABAMA -- Single-Family Dwellings -- Other Structures -- Comparison with Hurricane Frederic -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- POSTDISASTER STUDIES -- 1. Need for In-Depth Postdisaster Studies -- WIND CONDITIONS. 327 $a2. Better Wind-Speed Data -- OTHER NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES -- 3. Continued Cooperation between NHC and the Local and National Media -- 4. Use of Amateur Radio and Hurricane Drills -- 5. Need for Improvement of Numerical Forecast Models -- 6. Continued Effective Use of Telephone Hurricane Information Service -- 7. Need for Quick Information Dissemination from SLOSH Runs -- THE EVACUATION PROCESS -- 8. Incorporation of Forecast Uncertainties in Evacuation Planning -- 9. Need for Multiagency Hurricane Evacuation Studies -- 10. Hypothetical Behavioral Assumptions Underlying Evacuation Plans -- 11. Calculation of Clearance Time in Evacuation Studies -- PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES -- 12. Need for Nationally Applicable Wind-Loading Provisions -- 13. Design Needs for Nonengineered Structures -- 14. Need for Design Checks of Professionally Designed Buildings -- 15. Insurance against Wind Damage -- 16. Concern about Industry Standards -- 17. Concern about Using School Buildings as Shelters -- 18. Concern about Preengineered and Masonry-Walled Buildings -- 19. Roof Performance -- 20. Performance of Signs and Building Appurtenances -- References -- Appendix A STRUCTURAL FAILURES IN MISSISSIPPI SCHOOLS -- Appendix B SHOPPING CENTER DAMAGE: A DETAILED ANALYSIS -- Appendix C DAMAGE TO METAL BUILDINGS: A DETAILED ANALYSIS. 330 $aHurricane Elena, following an erratic and difficult-to-forecast course along an unusually large section of the Gulf Coast, posed special problems from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Sarasota, Florida, well before it came ashore on September 2, 1985. Considerable wind damage occurred in this area to structures that were ostensibly designed to resist such extreme wind conditions. Because similar design conditions and building control procedures exist along other U.S. hurricane-prone coasts, the conclusions drawn in this detailed book catalog the structural damage caused by the hurricane and emergency response actions, establish the wind conditions of the storm, review in-depth the building control process used in the area, and conduct necessary structural and wind tunnel tests relevant to a large number of communities along the coastal areas. 410 0$aNatural disaster studies ;$vv. 2. 606 $aHurricane Elena, 1985 606 $aHurricanes$zMexico$zGulf Coast 606 $aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects$zMississippi 606 $aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects$zAlabama 615 0$aHurricane Elena, 1985. 615 0$aHurricanes 615 0$aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects 615 0$aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects 676 $a363.3/492 701 $aSparks$b Peter R$01808737 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Natural Disasters. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910970042703321 996 $aHurricane Elena, Gulf Coast, August 29-September 2, 1985$94359159 997 $aUNINA