LEADER 05201oam 2200673M 450 001 9910459855503321 005 20191114074228.0 010 $a1-315-72169-4 010 $a1-317-52275-3 035 $a(CKB)3710000000237562 035 $a(EBL)3569179 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001352539 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12594439 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001352539 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11311316 035 $a(PQKB)11340072 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3569179 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC2055064 035 $a(OCoLC)929508783 035 $a(OCoLC-P)929508783 035 $a(FlBoTFG)9781315721699 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL2055064 035 $a(OCoLC)910069802 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000237562 100 $a20151212d2015 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aDNA and Property Crime Scene Investigation $eForensic Evidence and Law Enforcement 210 $aFlorence $cTaylor and Francis$d2015 215 $a1 online resource (242 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-138-13721-9 311 $a1-4557-7553-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $a""Cover""; ""Half Title""; ""Title Page""; ""Copyright Page""; ""Table of Contents""; ""Foreword""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""Chapter 1 A Series of Questions""; ""A Brief History""; ""Where It Started""; ""The Broader Aim""; ""Why Property Crime Scenes?""; ""The Study""; ""Structuring A Theoretical and Practical Analysis""; ""Chapter 2 Transition the Lens""; ""Philosophical Justification""; ""Practical Justification""; ""Conclusion""; ""Chapter 3 Forensic Science and the Criminal Justice System""; ""Early History of Forensics Within the Police Service""; ""The Science of DNA"" 327 $a""History of DNA in Criminal Justice""""Forensic Technology: Generational Improvements""; ""Forensic Technology: The Costs of Processing""; ""Forensic Technology: From Technician to Robot""; ""Forensic Technology: Issues of Accountability""; ""Conclusion""; ""Chapter 4 The Police Organization, Forensics, and the Investigation Process""; ""The Investigative Process with DNA Evidence""; ""Officer Training""; ""Technology Development and Implementation within the Police Service""; ""Criminal NonSpecialization and Sex Offenders""; ""Statutes of Limitations and Property Crime"" 327 $a""Shifting the Burden""""Conclusion""; ""Chapter 5 Collecting Genetic Forensic Evidence""; ""Buccal Swabs""; ""Sexual Assault Examination Kit (SAEK)""; ""Blood Swabs""; ""Wearer Samples (Items Worn By a Person)""; ""Touch Samples (Items Touched By a Person)""; ""Conclusion""; ""Chapter 6 Research Methodology""; ""Design Overview""; ""Limitations of Design Study""; ""Conclusion""; ""Chapter 7 Research Findings""; ""Stakeholder Interview Results""; ""National Survey Results""; ""Mixed-Methods Analysis""; ""Chapter 8 Where Do We Go from Here?"" 327 $a""Looking Forward: Challenging the Dominant Paradigm of Police Practice""""Looking Forward: The Lab and the Lab Technicians""; ""Policy Recommendations""; ""Research Strengths and Limitations""; ""Direction of Future Research""; ""Conclusion""; ""Chapter 9 A Police Chief's Perspective""; ""References""; ""Index"" 330 $aTraditionally, forensic investigation has not been fully utilized in the investigation of property crime. This ground-breaking book examines the experiences of patrol officers, command staff, detectives, and chiefs as they navigate the expectations of forensic evidence in criminal cases, specifically property crimes cases. DNA and Property Crime Scene Investigation looks at the current state of forensic technology and, using interviews with police officers, command staff, forensic technicians, and prosecutors, elucidates who is doing the work of forensic investigation. It explores how better training can decrease backlogs in forensic evidence processing and prevent mishandling of crucial evidence. Concluding with a police chief's perspective on the approach, DNA and Property Crime Scene Investigation provides insight into an emerging and important approach to property crime scene investigation. Key Features Provides practical information on implementing forensic investigation for property crimes Examines the current state of forensic technology and points to future trends Includes a police chief's perspective on the forensic approach to investigating property crimes Utilizes interviews with professionals in the field to demonstrate the benefits of the approach. 606 $aCrime scene searches 606 $aDNA fingerprinting 606 $aEvidence, Criminal 606 $aForensic sciences 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aCrime scene searches. 615 0$aDNA fingerprinting. 615 0$aEvidence, Criminal. 615 0$aForensic sciences. 676 $a363.252 700 $aMakin$b David Alan$01039958 801 0$bOCoLC-P 801 1$bOCoLC-P 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910459855503321 996 $aDNA and Property Crime Scene Investigation$92462450 997 $aUNINA LEADER 12756oam 22008055 450 001 9910969646803321 005 20210901203040.0 010 $a9781464813542 010 $a146481354X 024 7 $a10.1596/978-1-4648-1353-5 035 $a(CKB)4100000007122887 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5572218 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL5572218 035 $a(OCoLC)1060605690 035 $a(The World Bank)211353 035 $a(US-djbf)211353 035 $a(Perlego)1484271 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000007122887 100 $a20020129d2009 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aToward a New Social Contract : $eTaking on Distributional Tensions in Europe and Central Asia /$fMaurizio Bussolo 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cThe World Bank,$d2018. 215 $a1 online resource (248 pages) 225 1 $aEurope and Central Asia Studies. 311 08$a9781464813535 311 08$a1464813531 327 $aCover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About the Authors and Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Regional Classifications Used in This Report -- Overview -- Distributional Tensions and the Need to Rethink the Social Contract -- Equity: A Key Aspiration in the Region -- Balancing Markets, Policies, and Preferences -- The Market-Generated Distribution of Incomes -- Public Policy Responses -- Preferences for Equity -- Fissures in the Social Contract -- Looking Ahead: Public Policies for a Stable Social Contract -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 1 Introduction -- Emerging Distributional Tensions in Europe and Central Asia -- The Potential Implications for the Social Contract -- Is a Rethinking of the Social Contract in the Region Warranted? -- Notes -- References -- 2 Are Distributional Tensions Brewing in Europe and Central Asia? -- Inequality across Individuals in Europe and Central Asia -- Labor Market Polarization and the Shifting Demand for Skills -- An Increasing Generational Divide, and the Young Are Losing Ground -- Persistent Spatial Disparities across the Region -- Rising Inequality of Opportunity, Particularly in the East -- Distributional Tensions and the Path to a Middle-Class Society -- Annex 2A. Statistical Tables -- Notes -- References -- 3 Are Public Policies Equipped to Respond to Distributional Tensions? -- Labor Markets Are Changing, and Policy Is Not Ensuring Equal Protection -- The Impact of Tax and Transfer Systems on Income Redistribution -- Limited Labor Mobility Affects the Opportunities in High-Productivity Areas -- Annex 3A. Decomposition Analysis: Drivers of Change in Redistribution -- Annex 3B. Policy Changes That Have Contributed to Redistribution -- Annex 3C. The Impact of Taxes and Transfers on Redistribution -- Notes -- References. 327 $a4 The Social Contract: Do Distributional Tensions Matter? -- Introduction -- The Third Component of the Social Contract: The Preference for Equity -- There Are Fissures in the Social Contract in the Region -- Notes -- References -- 5 How Can the Stability of the Social Contract Be Restored? -- Introduction -- Promoting Growth and Protecting People -- Extending Social Protection to Everyone -- More Progressive Taxation -- Reducing Inequality of Opportunity through Improved Services -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- 2.1 Horizontal Inequality -- 2.2 Construction of Occupational Categories -- 2.3 Decomposing the Change in Wages: The Role of Occupational Change -- 2.4 Teachers and Drivers: Low Wages in High-Skill Occupations in the Former Soviet Union Economies -- 2.5 The Changing Education and Task Profile of Nonstandard Employment -- 2.6 A Closer Look at Spatial Disparities in the Russian Federation -- 2.7 Calculating Measures of Intergenerational Mobility -- 2.8 Defining the Middle Class -- 2.9 Defining the Absolute Middle-Class Threshold, a Vulnerability Approach -- 3.1 Labor Market Institutions Pick the Winners, France versus the United States -- 3.2 Italy: Toward One Type of Employment Contract -- 3.3 Housing and Labor Mobility Constraints in Kazakhstan -- 4.1 Preferences for Equity and Demand for Redistribution, a Brief Digression -- 5.1 The Perils of Excessive Employment Protection -- 5.2 Helping Displaced Workers through Active Labor Market Programs -- 5.3 Progressive Universalism -- 5.4 Types of Social Assistance Cash Transfers -- 5.5 Distributional and Fiscal Effects of a UBI, Selected EU Countries -- 5.6 Should Taxes Be Higher on Capital Income or on Wealth? -- Figures -- O. 1 The social contract as a dynamic equilibrium -- O.2 Distributional tensions along four dimensions are explored. 327 $aO.3 Income inequality is much higher among cohorts born in the 1980s -- O.4 The employment share of routine task-intensive occupations has fallen in Europe -- O.5 The share of employment, by occupational category, early 2000s to mid-2010s -- O.6 Between-region spatial inequalities within countries have increased in the European Union -- O.7 The middle class in the European Union has become more vulnerable -- O.8 Measured changes in inequality explain little of the demand for redistribution -- O.9 Perceived inequality correlates strongly with the demand for redistribution -- O.10 At any decile of consumption, individuals more likely feel poor when they are not in full-time employment -- 1.1 Income inequality is lower in Europe and Central Asia than in most of the rest of the world -- 1.2 The social contract as a dynamic equilibrium -- 1.3 Distributional tensions along four dimensions are explored -- 2.1 Trends in income inequality, European Union, 1988-2015 -- 2.2 Trends in consumption inequality, former Soviet Union economies, Turkey, and Western Balkans, 1988-2013 -- 2.3 Gini index adjusted for the top incomes, 2011 -- 2.4 The number of billionaires and their net worth have increased -- 2.5 The declining share of labor income, particularly in transition economies -- 2.6 The employment share in routine task-intensive occupations has fallen in Europe -- 2.7 The share of employment, by occupational category, early 2000s to mid-2010s -- 2.8 Changes in wages, Germany, Poland, and Spain, 1990s to 2013 -- 2.9 Wage changes, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, and Turkey, 1990s to 2010s -- B2.4.1 Distribution of teaching professionals, drivers, and mobile plant operators, initial year -- 2.10 Nonstandard employment (NSE) has expanded in most of Europe and Central Asia. 327 $a2.11 The composition of nonstandard employment differs in countries and regions -- B2.5.1 Changes in the education profile of workers, by employment type -- B2.5.2 Changes in task content, by employment type -- 2.12 Rising nonstandard employment (NSE), Southern and Western Europe -- 2.13 Rising nonstandard employment (NSE), Central and Northern Europe -- 2.14 Average job tenure has been mostly stable in Europe and Central Asia -- 2.15 Tenure is decreasing among the young, but less among the middle and older age-groups -- 2.16 Household income, by age of household head, Western, Northern, and Southern Europe -- 2.17 Household income, by age of household head, Central Europe, Baltic States, Russian Federation, and Turkey -- 2.18 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Southern Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.19 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Western Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.20 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Central Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.21 Average annual earnings, 30-34 age-group, Northern Europe, 2004-14 -- 2.22 Income inequality is much higher among cohorts born in the 1980s -- 2.23 Spatial disparities in welfare are not uncommon in the region -- 2.24 Gaps between urban and rural areas are largest in Georgia and Tajikistan and are negative only in Greece -- 2.25 Between-region inequality has widened in some countries -- 2.26 Inequality between urban and rural areas has increased in some countries -- 2.27 Gaps in mean consumption, circa 2003-13 -- 2.28 Between-region spatial inequalities within countries have increased in the European Union -- 2.29 Regional disparities in disposable income rose, were unchanged, or declined -- 2.30 The spatial dispersion of poverty rates has increased -- 2.31 Differences in characteristics and in returns to characteristics help explain welfare gaps across geographical areas, circa 2013. 327 $a2.32 Gaps in PISA reading scores: often equivalent to a year of schooling, urban and rural areas -- 2.33 Moldova: indicators of service quality, by region, 2013 -- 2.34 Income inequality, Europe, 2005 and 2011 -- 2.35 Trends in inequality of opportunity: France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom -- 2.36 Decomposition of inequality of opportunity in age and cohort effects, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom -- 2.37 Decomposition of inequality of opportunity -- 2.38 Income inequality and inequality of opportunity in obtaining income -- 2.39 Inequality of opportunity in tertiary education -- 2.40 Intergenerational persistence in education, Europe and Central Asia -- 2.41 Trends in the relative size of the middle class, Europe and Central Asia -- 2.42 Income classes, subregions of Europe and Central Asia, excluding the EU15 -- 2.43 Age-groups along the income distribution -- 2.44 Cumulative change in the share of people living in single-adult households, by country -- 2.45 Change in the share of people living in single-adult households, by income, France, Italy, Poland -- 2.46 The decline in single-breadwinner households across the region -- 2.47 The middle class in the European Union has become more vulnerable -- B2.9.1 The vulnerability-income function: identifying the middle-class threshold -- 2.48 The profile of those vulnerable to poverty now looks like the middle class of yesterday -- 3.1 Union membership -- 3.2 Employment protection and job quality, Europe and Central Asia versus the rest of the world -- 3.3 Employment protection differs within the region and has shifted -- 3.4 Protections governing contracts, Central Asia and OECD Europe, 1990-2009 -- 3.5 Spending on labor market interventions varies across the region -- 3.6 Employment protection, by contract type, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. 327 $a3.7 Employment structure, selected countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. 330 3 $aThe growing economic fissures in the societies of Europe and Central Asia between generations, between insiders and outsiders in the labor market, between rural and urban communities, and between the super-rich and everyone else, are threatening the sustainability of the social contract. The institutions that helped achieving a remarkable degree of equity and prosperity over the course of several decades now face considerable difficulties in coping with the challenges presented by these emerging forms of inequality. Public surveys reveal rising concerns over inequality of opportunity, while electoral results show a marked shift to populist parties that offer radical solutions to voters dissatisfied with the status quo.There is no single solution to relieve these tensions, and attempts to address them will vary considerably across the region. However, this publication proposes three broad policy principles: (1) promote labor market flexibility while maintaining protection for all types of labor contracts; (2) seek universality in the provision of social assistance, social insurance, and basic quality services; and (3) expand the tax base by complementing progressive labor-income taxation with taxation of capital. These principles could guide the rethinking of the social contract and fulfil European citizens' aspirations for growth and equity. 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 606 $aEmployment 606 $aGlobalism 606 $aInequality 606 $aInequality Trap 606 $aMiddle Class 606 $aPensions 606 $aPopulism 606 $aSocial Contract 606 $aSocial Safety Nets 606 $aTechnological Change 606 $aTechnology 607 $aEurope$xEconomic conditions$y1945- 615 4$aEmployment 615 4$aGlobalism 615 4$aInequality 615 4$aInequality Trap 615 4$aMiddle Class 615 4$aPensions 615 4$aPopulism 615 4$aSocial Contract 615 4$aSocial Safety Nets 615 4$aTechnological Change 615 4$aTechnology 676 $a330.94055 700 $aBussolo$b Maurizio$0123803 701 $aBussolo$b Maurizio$0123803 801 0$bDJBF 801 1$bDJBF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910969646803321 996 $aToward a New Social Contract$94359129 997 $aUNINA