LEADER 03552nam 22007334a 450 001 9910966853303321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a9786612356575 010 $a9780585456321 010 $a9780520927636 010 $a052092763X 010 $a9781282356573 010 $a1282356577 010 $a9781597348621 010 $a1597348627 024 7 $a10.1525/9780520927636 035 $a(CKB)111087027178616 035 $a(EBL)223513 035 $a(OCoLC)475928233 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000236292 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11187831 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000236292 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10173387 035 $a(PQKB)10738675 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0000055964 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC223513 035 $a(OCoLC)52470842 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse30759 035 $a(DE-B1597)520897 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780520927636 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL223513 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10048749 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL235657 035 $a(Perlego)2319737 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111087027178616 100 $a20021218d2003 ub 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aRepublican Beijing $ethe city and its histories /$fMadeleine Yue Dong ; with a foreword by Thomas Bender 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aBerkeley $cUniversity of California Press$dc2003 215 $a1 online resource (406 p.) 225 1 $aAsia--local studies/global themes ;$v8 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9780520230507 311 08$a0520230507 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 345-363) and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tIllustrations --$tForeword --$tPreface --$tIntroduction --$tPART I. The City of Planners --$tPART II. The City of Experience --$tPART III. The Lettered City --$tConclusion --$tNotes --$tBibliography --$tIndex 330 $aOld Beijing has become a subject of growing fascination in contemporary China since the 1980's. While physical remnants from the past are being bulldozed every day to make space for glass-walled skyscrapers and towering apartment buildings, nostalgia for the old city is booming. Madeleine Yue Dong offers the first comprehensive history of Republican Beijing, examining how the capital acquired its identity as a consummately "traditional" Chinese city. For residents of Beijing, the heart of the city lay in the labor-intensive activities of "recycling," a primary mode of material and cultural production and circulation that came to characterize Republican Beijing. An omnipresent process of recycling and re-use unified Beijing's fragmented and stratified markets into one circulation system. These material practices evoked an air of nostalgia that permeated daily life. Paradoxically, the "old Beijing" toward which this nostalgia was directed was not the imperial capital of the past, but the living Republican city. Such nostalgia toward the present, the author argues, was not an empty sentiment, but an essential characteristic of Chinese modernity. 410 0$aAsia--local studies/global themes ;$v8. 607 $aBeijing (China)$xHistory 607 $aChina$xHistory$yRepublic, 1912-1949 676 $a951/.15604 700 $aDong$b Madeleine Yue$f1964-$01470925 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910966853303321 996 $aRepublican Beijing$94351667 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05027nam 2200673Ia 450 001 9910962448103321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a9780674044067 010 $a0674044061 024 7 $a10.4159/9780674044067 035 $a(CKB)1000000000786906 035 $a(StDuBDS)AH23050914 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000111428 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11133943 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000111428 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10074801 035 $a(PQKB)10155034 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3300376 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10318366 035 $a(OCoLC)923110955 035 $a(DE-B1597)574586 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780674044067 035 $a(OCoLC)1248759270 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3300376 035 $a(Perlego)1148514 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000786906 100 $a20021107d2003 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aBigger than chaos $eunderstanding complexity through probability /$fMichael Strevens 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aCambridge, MA $cHarvard University Press$d2003 215 $a1 online resource (xii, 413 p. ) $cill 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780674010420 311 08$a0674010426 311 08$a9780674022591 311 08$a0674022599 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 397-401) and index. 327 $aNote to the Reader 1. The Simple Behavior of Complex Systems 1.1 Simplicity in Complex Systems 1.2 Enion Probability Analysis 1.3 Towards an Understanding of Enion Probabilities 2. The Physics of Complex Probability 2.1 Complex Probability Quantified 2.2 Microconstant Probability 2.3 The Interpretation of IC-Variable Distributions 2.4 Probabilistic Networks 2.5 Standard IC-Variables 2.6 Complex Probability and Probabilistic Laws 2.7 Effective and Critical IC-Values 2.A The Method of Arbitrary Functions 2.B More on the Tossed Coin 2.C Proofs 3. The Independence of Complex Probabilities 3.1 Stochastic Independence and Selection Rules 3.2 Probabilities of Composite Events 3.3 Causal Independence 3.4 Microconstancy and Independence 3.5 The Probabilistic Patterns Explained 3.6 Causally Coupled Experiments 3.7 Chains of Linked IC-Values 3.A Conditional Probability 3.B Proofs 4. The Simple Behavior of Complex Systems Explained 4.1 Representing Complex Systems 4.2 Enion Probabilities and Their Experiments 4.3 The Structure of Microdynamics 4.4 Microconstancy and Independence of Enion Probabilities 4.5 Independence of Microdynamic Probabilities 4.6 Aggregation of Enion Probabilities 4.7 Grand Conditions for Simple Macrolevel Behavior 4.8 Statistical Physics 4.9 Population Ecology 5. Implications for the Philosophy of the Higher-Level Sciences 5.1 Reduction 5.2 Higher-Level Laws 5.3 Causal Relevance 5.4 The Social Sciences 5.5 The Mathematics of Complex Systems 5.6 Are There Simple Probabilities? Notes Glossary References Index 330 $aMichael Strevens shows how simplicity can co-exist with the tangled interconnections within complex systems. By looking at the foundations of statistical reasoning about complex systems (gases, ecosystems and even social systems) he provides an understanding of how simplicity emerges from complexity. 330 $bMany complex systems--from immensely complicated ecosystems to minute assemblages of molecules--surprise us with their simple behavior. Consider, for instance, the snowflake, in which a great number of water molecules arrange themselves in patterns with six-way symmetry. How is it that molecules moving seemingly at random become organized according to the simple, six-fold rule? How do the comings, goings, meetings, and eatings of individual animals add up to the simple dynamics of ecosystem populations? More generally, how does complex and seemingly capricious microbehavior generate stable, predictable macrobehavior? In this book, Michael Strevens aims to explain how simplicity can coexist with, indeed be caused by, the tangled interconnections between a complex system's many parts. At the center of Strevens's explanation is the notion of probability and, more particularly, probabilistic independence. By examining the foundations of statistical reasoning about complex systems such as gases, ecosystems, and certain social systems, Strevens provides an understanding of how simplicity emerges from complexity. Along the way, he draws lessons concerning the low-level explanation of high-level phenomena and the basis for introducing probabilistic concepts into physical theory. 606 $aProbabilities 606 $aStatistical physics 615 0$aProbabilities. 615 0$aStatistical physics. 676 $a003 686 $aCC 3700$2rvk 700 $aStrevens$b Michael$01145008 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910962448103321 996 $aBigger than chaos$94364914 997 $aUNINA