LEADER 01307nam 2200385 450 001 9910714764803321 005 20200824173159.0 035 $a(CKB)4920000000507617 035 $a(OCoLC)1151008604 035 $a(EXLCZ)994920000000507617 100 $a20200417d2020 ua 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aPatient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute $ereview of the audit of the financial statements for fy 2019 210 1$aWashington, DC :$cU.S. Government Accountability Office,$d2020. 215 $a1 online resource (5 pages) 300 $a"March 26, 2020." 300 $a"GAO-20-469R." 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 517 $aPatient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute 606 $aCompliance auditing$zUnited States 606 $aResearch institutes$zUnited States$xAuditing 606 $aPatient-centered health care$zUnited States 615 0$aCompliance auditing 615 0$aResearch institutes$xAuditing. 615 0$aPatient-centered health care 801 0$bGPO 801 1$bGPO 906 $aDOCUMENT 912 $a9910714764803321 996 $aPatient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute$93524031 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04753nam 2200709Ia 450 001 9910966739603321 005 20251117115405.0 010 $a1-280-08480-4 010 $a9786610084807 010 $a1-4175-0133-2 024 7 $a10.1596/0-8213-5784-0 035 $a(CKB)111087027998148 035 $a(OCoLC)54776214 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10052014 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000277074 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12094270 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000277074 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10226725 035 $a(PQKB)10171671 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3050662 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3050662 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10052014 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL8480 035 $a(OCoLC)469638443 035 $a(The World Bank)2004040703 035 $a(US-djbf)13451286 035 $a(BIP)46124300 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111087027998148 100 $a20040107d2004 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aTelecommunications challenges in developing countries $easymmetric interconnection charges for rural areas /$fAndrew Dymond 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, DC $cWorld Bank$d2004 215 $aix, 39 pages $cillustrations ;$d26 cm 225 1 $aWorld Bank working paper ;$vno. 27 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a0-8213-5785-9 311 08$a0-8213-5784-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aIntro -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- General -- The Starting Hypothesis -- The Challenges -- 2. Basic concepts -- Interconnection: Operator-to-Operator Payments -- Who Pays the Additional Charges for Asymmetric Interconnection? -- Types of Interoperator Financial Interconnection Arrangements -- Theoretical Justification for Asymmetric Interconnection -- Operator Investment Incentive -- 3. Country Experience and Precedents -- Fixed Network Precedents -- The Precedent of Fixed-Mobile Asymmetrical Interconnection -- 4. Main Issues Related to Networks and Costs -- What Networks Could be Considered for Asymmetric Interconnection? -- Should Asymmetric Interconnection Apply to Fixed and Mobile Operators? -- Could Asymmetric Interconnection Distort Investment Patterns? -- Does Implementation Require a Detailed Cost Study First? -- Should Asymmetric Interconnection Reflect or Follow Peak/Discount Rates? -- 5. Tariff Regulation Related to Asymmetric Interconnection -- In Favor of Revision to "Calling Party Pays" -- Counterarguments -- Additional Issues to Consider -- Would Asymmetric Termination Charges Create Undesirable Arbitrage? -- Rate Postalization -- Conclusion on Tariffs -- Downstream Beneficiaries-Should They be Regulated or Licensed? -- 6. Numbering and Billing Issues -- What Prerequisite Changes in the Numbering Plan are Required -- What Modifications to Intercarrier Billing Would be Required? -- 7. Relating De-averaged Interconnection to Universal Access Policy -- Comparison of North American and Chilean Financial Models -- Conclusion -- 8. Summary and Next Step -- Study Outcome -- Next Step -- References -- FIGURES -- Figure 1 -- Figure 2 -- Figure 3 -- TABLES -- Table 1. Is Rural Network Investment Incentive Created -- Table 2. Chile, Access Rates. 327 $aTable 3. Mobile-based Public Access Projects. 330 $aRural telecommunications are usually believed to be unprofitable and therefore chronically under-invested. The author challenges this view and sets out to present reasons why regulators should consider implementing fairer cost-based interconnection arrangements between urban and rural network operators, which could significantly improve the business case for rural network operators. Specifically, a regime of geographically de-averaged asymmetric termination charges that reflect the higher costs rural operators face is proposed. A wide range of related issues are investigated before the author concludes that asymmetric termination charges could be implemented practically. 410 0$aWorld Bank working paper ;$vno. 27. 606 $aTelephone$zDeveloping countries 606 $aTelephone$xRates$zDeveloping countries 606 $aTelecommunication$zDeveloping countries 615 0$aTelephone 615 0$aTelephone$xRates 615 0$aTelecommunication 676 $a384.6/4 700 $aDymond$b Andrew$f1947-$0572263 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910966739603321 996 $aTelecommunications challenges in developing countries$94473082 997 $aUNINA