LEADER 08314nam 2200781Ia 450 001 9910965594603321 005 20251017110102.0 010 $a9786610193189 010 $a9780309176682 010 $a0309176689 010 $a9781280193187 010 $a1280193182 010 $a9780309587617 010 $a0309587611 010 $a9780585021737 010 $a0585021732 035 $a(CKB)110986584751544 035 $a(OCoLC)42854192 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10055136 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000248926 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11188576 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000248926 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10203148 035 $a(PQKB)10759956 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376142 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376142 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10055136 035 $a(OCoLC)923261460 035 $a(Perlego)4734569 035 $a(DNLM)784104 035 $a(BIP)1847332 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751544 100 $a19941103d1995 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aSources of medical technology $euniversities and industry /$fNathan Rosenberg, Annetine C. Gelijns and Holly Dawkins, editors ; Committee on Technological Innovation in Medicine, Institute of Medicine 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1995 215 $a1 online resource (254 p.) 225 1 $aMedical innovation at the crossroads ;$vv. 5 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309051897 311 08$a0309051894 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aSources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- List of Abbreviations -- PART I Setting the Stage -- 1 The Changing Nature of Medical Technology Development -- ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESENT VOLUME -- IMPORTANCE OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY INTERACTIONS -- INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF MEDICAL R& -- D -- SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Recent Trends in Support for Biomedical Research and Development -- BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDERS -- Federal Spending for Biomedical Research and Development -- Federal Spending for Medical Device Research and Development -- A Change in the Emphasis of Federal Spending -- Direct Federal Support for Industry -- Tax Credits on Incremental Research and Development -- Industry Spending for Biomedical Research and Development -- Research and Development Investments by Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies -- Research and Development Investments by the Medical Devices Industry -- FUNDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRY AND UNIVERSITIES -- FEDERAL EFFORTS TO ENCOURAGE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER -- The Stevenson-Wydler and the Bayh-Dole Acts -- Federal Technology Transfer Act -- Consequences for University-Industry Relationships -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART II Medical Device Innovation -- 3 Physicians and Physicists: The Interdisciplinary Introduction of the Laser to Medicine -- THE LASER'S INVENTION -- PHOTOCOAGULATION -- FEAR OF INJURY -- POTENTIAL IN OPHTHALMOLOGY -- PHOTOCOAGULATORS AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR -- MORE EARLY MEDICAL LASER RESEARCH -- THE MEDICAL LASER INDUSTRY TODAY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- TECHNICAL APPENDIX -- 4 From the Scalpel to the Scope: Endoscopic Innovations in Gastroenterology, Gynecology, and Surgery -- FIBER OPTICS AND GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY. 327 $aThe Fiber-Optic Era -- Further Refinements and New Clinical Applications -- GYNECOLOGICAL LAPAROSCOPY: THE CASE OF SURGICAL CONTRACEPTION -- Developing and Establishing the Clinical Value of First-Generation Gynecological Laparoscopes (1945... -- Development of Second- and Third-Generation Procedures (1970s and 1980s) -- THE SURGEON AND ENDOSCOPY: LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY -- SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS AND SPECULATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Cochlear Implantation: Establishing Clinical Feasibility, 1957-1982 -- THE IDEA OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE HUMAN EAR -- APPROACHES TO IMPLANTATION -- NEW BEGINNINGS: COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION IN THE 1970S -- Work by House, Simmons, and Michelson -- Climate of Conflicting Opinions -- Developing Interest Abroad -- Threshold of a New Era -- THE "CLINICIANS," THE "EXPERIMENTALISTS," AND THE ESTABLISHING OF CLINICAL FEASIBILITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Innovation in Cardiac Imaging -- OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC IMAGING -- Nuclear Cardiology -- Echocardiography -- THE INNOVATION PROCESS -- Examples from Echocardiography and Nuclear Cardiology -- Concept -- Prototype -- Commercialization -- Diffusion -- Refinement -- BARRIERS TO INNOVATION -- CONCLUSION: MOVING TOWARD AN OPTIMAL R& -- D PROGRAM IN AN INDUSTRIAL FIRM -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A -- Thallium Imaging -- APPENDIX B -- Tc-99 Sestamibi Tracer -- APPENDIX C -- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography -- APPENDIX D -- Transesophageal Echocardiography -- APPENDIX E -- Acoustic Quantification -- APPENDIX F -- Color Flow -- PART III Biotechnology Innovation -- 7 Incentives and Focus in University and Industrial Research: The Case of Synthetic Insulin -- THE EMERGENCE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING -- RESEARCH COORDINATORS -- A SHORT HISTORY OF THE RDNA INSULIN RESEARCH PROJECTS -- THE ROLE OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH. 327 $aBiochemistry and Molecular Biology -- Organic Chemistry and Molecular Biology -- Interactions with the Wider Medical and Scientific Community -- The Nature of Interdisciplinary Research -- THE ROLE OF INTERINSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH -- Academic Collaboration -- Financial Linkages -- ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS -- The Existence of Heterogeneous Incentives -- The Consequences of Heterogeneous Incentives -- Interlab Competition -- Conclusions: Consequences of Insulin Research for Future University-Industry Interactions -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 The Division of Innovative Labor in Biotechnology -- PARTICIPANTS IN THE DIVISION OF INNOVATIVE LABOR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY -- COLLABORATION STRATEGIES OF LARGE FIRMS -- EVALUATING AND USING TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION -- THE DIVISION OF INNOVATIVE LABOR: TRANSIENT AND UNDESIRABLE? -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part IV Concluding Observations -- 9 Perspectives on Industrial R& -- D Management -- THE CHANGING RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT -- THE EVOLVING SCIENCE BASE -- CLINICAL EVALUATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 The Intertwining of Public and Proprietary in Medical Technology -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Workshop Agenda -- THE UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY INTERFACE AND MEDICAL INNOVATION -- Appendix B Contributors -- Index. 330 $aEvidence suggests that medical innovation is becoming increasingly dependent on interdisciplinary research and on the crossing of institutional boundaries. This volume focuses on the conditions governing the supply of new medical technologies and suggest that the boundaries between disciplines, institutions, and the private and public sectors have been redrawn and reshaped. Individual essays explore the nature, organization, and management of interdisciplinary R&D in medicine; the introduction into clinical practice of the laser, endoscopic innovations, cochlear implantation, cardiovascular imaging technologies, and synthetic insulin; the division of innovating labor in biotechnology; the government- industry-university interface; perspectives on industrial R&D management; and the growing intertwining of the public and proprietary in medical technology. 410 0$aMedical innovation at the crossroads ;$vv. 5. 606 $aMedical innovations 606 $aMedicine$xResearch 615 0$aMedical innovations. 615 0$aMedicine$xResearch. 676 $a610/.72 701 $aRosenberg$b Nathan$010455 701 $aGelijns$b Annetine$01808050 701 $aDawkins$b Holly V$01808051 712 02$aInstitute of Medicine (U.S.).$bCommittee on Technological Innovation in Medicine. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910965594603321 996 $aSources of medical technology$94358117 997 $aUNINA