LEADER 08156nam 2200661Ia 450 001 9910964129203321 005 20251116160635.0 010 $a9786610185085 010 $a9780309170888 010 $a0309170885 010 $a9781280185083 010 $a1280185082 010 $a9780309567640 010 $a0309567645 035 $a(CKB)111069351121088 035 $a(OCoLC)70731102 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10068464 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000140006 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11911764 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000140006 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10030042 035 $a(PQKB)11257855 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3377224 035 $a(Perlego)4735106 035 $a(BIP)7240047 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111069351121088 100 $a20030626d2001 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aDisposition of high-level waste and spent nuclear fuel $ethe continuing societal and technical challenges /$fCommittee on Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation, Board on Radioactive Waste Management, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. ;$a[Great Britain] $cNational Academy Press$dc2001 215 $a1 online resource (214 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309073172 311 08$a0309073170 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aDISPOSITION OF HIGH-LEVEL WASTE AND SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Disposition of High-Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel: An Overview of the Societal and Technical Challenges -- QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS REPORT -- How Can Safety Be Assured for HLW? -- How Can Safety and Security Against Human Actions Be Assured for HLW? -- What Are the Inherent Limits to Assuring Safety and Security by Geological Repositories or by Surface Storage? -- Why Has There Not Been More Progress Toward Geological Disposal? -- Are There Available Alternatives to Geological Disposition or Surface Storage? -- Do National Programs Have to Choose Now Between Geological Repositories and Surface Storage? -- Are New Initiatives Needed in International Cooperation? -- 2 Principal Findings and Conclusions -- TODAY'S GROWING INVENTORY OF HLW REQUIRES ATTENTION BY NATIONAL DECISION MAKERS -- THE FEASIBLE OPTIONS ARE MONITORED STORAGE ON OR NEAR THE EARTH'S SURFACE AND GEOLOGICAL DISPOSITION -- GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL REMAINS THE ONLY LONG-TERM SOLUTION AVAILABLE -- GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL IS SCIENTIFICALLY AND TECHNICALLY SOUND, BUT IMPORTANT CHALLENGES REMAIN -- THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES ARE SOCIETAL -- WHETHER, WHEN, AND HOW TO MOVE TOWARD GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL ARE SOCIETAL DECISIONS FOR EACH COUNTRY -- A STEPWISE PROCESS IS APPROPRIATE FOR DECISION MAKING UNDER TECHNICAL AND SOCIETAL UNCERTAINTY -- SUCCESSFUL DECISION MAKING IS OPEN, TRANSPARENT, AND BROADLY PARTICIPATORY -- SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM MANAGEMENT IS FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTIVE -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION CAN HELP ACHIEVE NATIONAL SOLUTIONS -- 3 Principal Recommendations -- PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATION 1 -- PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATION 2 -- PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATION 3 -- Technical Actions -- Societal Actions. 327 $aCommon Requirements -- PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATION 4 -- PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATION 5 -- CLOSING COMMENTS -- 4 National Programs -- INVENTORIES OF HIGH-LEVEL WASTE AND SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL -- EXAMPLES OF NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS -- Belgium -- Canada -- China -- Finland -- France -- Germany -- Japan -- Netherlands -- Russia -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- United Kingdom -- United States -- CONCLUSIONS -- 5 Societal Issues in Radioactive Waste Management -- THE ROOTS OF CONCERN -- A LEGACY OF DISTRUST -- VALUE JUDGMENTS AND ETHICAL ISSUES -- Intragenerational Equity -- Intergenerational Equity -- DISCUSSION: TOWARD AN EQUITABLE SYNTHESIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 6 Scientific and Technical Issues in Radioactive Waste Management -- GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL -- SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR MODELING -- The Behavior of the Waste Package -- The Behavior of the Host Rock in the Immediate Vicinity of the Waste Package (the "Near-Field") -- Transport of Radionuclides from the Near-Field Environment -- PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY -- DISCUSSION: UNCERTAINTY AND CONFIDENCE BUILDING -- The Scientific and Technical Community -- The Regulators' Dilemma -- The Link Between Scientific and Societal Responsibility -- CONCLUSIONS -- Science, Technology, and Performance Assessment -- Confidence and Trust -- General Conclusions -- 7 Alternatives to Geological Disposition -- SURFACE STORAGE -- SOCIETY'S TWO AVAILABLE DISPOSITION OPTIONS: GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORIES AND SURFACE STORAGE FACILITIES -- ALTERNATIVES TO GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORIES AND SURFACE STORAGE -- Partitioning and Transmutation -- Extraterrestrial Disposal -- Geological Alternatives to Mined Repositories: Subseabed and Deep-Borehole Options -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING ALTERNATIVES -- 8 Improving Decision Making and Implementation -- THE NEED FOR A CONSISTENT POLICY THAT ENDURES. 327 $aIMPROVING POLICY DECISIONS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION -- SITING: A CRUCIAL ASPECT OF SOCIETAL DECISION MAKING -- Goals and Objectives -- Appropriate Outcomes -- Appropriate Process -- Sweden -- France -- Canada -- Belgium -- Finland -- Summary -- LEARNING WHILE DOING-AND KEEPING OPTIONS OPEN -- 9 International Cooperation -- RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES TRANSCEND NATIONAL BOUNDARIES -- SHARING KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE, AND COSTS BETWEEN COUNTRIES -- Waste Management Information Is Freely Available -- International Organizations Provide a Framework for Collaboration -- Joint Projects Are the Most Effective Vehicles for Collaboration -- The Role of Commercial Consulting as a Know-How Transfer Mechanism -- Some Problems Can Arise During Cooperation- But the Benefits Outweigh These -- COLLABORATION THROUGH USE OF COMMON WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES -- Transboundary Shipments for Treatment or Storage of Wastes Are Difficult -- International Repositories-A Global Issue -- Long-Term Safety -- Nuclear Security -- Economic Issues -- Public Acceptability -- Political Issues -- CONCLUSIONS -- International Cooperation -- International Repositories -- References -- Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- Appendix B Workshop Program -- WORKSHOP FINAL AGENDA -- Appendix C List of Attendees -- Appendix D Acronyms. 330 $aFocused attention by world leaders is needed to address the substantial challenges posed by disposal of spent nuclear fuel from reactors and high-level radioactive waste from processing such fuel. The biggest challenges in achieving safe and secure storage and permanent waste disposal are societal, although technical challenges remain. Disposition of radioactive wastes in a deep geological repository is a sound approach as long as it progresses through a stepwise decision-making process that takes advantage of technical advances, public participation, and international cooperation. Written for concerned citizens as well as policymakers, this book was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and waste management organizations in eight other countries. 606 $aRadioactive waste disposal in the ground 606 $aRadioactive waste repositories 615 0$aRadioactive waste disposal in the ground. 615 0$aRadioactive waste repositories. 676 $a621.4838 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.) Committee on Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation. 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.) Board on Radioactive Waste Management. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910964129203321 996 $aDisposition of high-level waste and spent nuclear fuel$94352224 997 $aUNINA