LEADER 07206oam 22007455 450 001 9910963880703321 005 20251117070931.0 010 $a1-4648-0757-4 024 7 $a10.1596/978-1-4648-0756-5 035 $a(CKB)3710000000576679 035 $a(EBL)4397397 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001628136 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)16370963 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001628136 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)14935181 035 $a(PQKB)11701657 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4397397 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL4397397 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11155707 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL889970 035 $a(OCoLC)941695629 035 $a(OCoLC)ocn934502926 035 $a(US-djbf)19007249 035 $a(BIP)55310887 035 $a(BIP)54302590 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000576679 100 $a20160308h20162016 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cn$2rdamedia 183 $anc$2rdacarrier 200 10$aSustainable urban transport financing from the sidewalk to the subway $ecapital, operations, and maintenance financing /$fArturo Ardila-Gomez and Adriana Ortegon-Sanchez 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, DC :$cWorld Bank Group,$d[2016] 210 4$d2016 215 $a1 online resource (xv, 91 pages) $cillustrations ;$d26 cm 225 0 $aA World Bank study 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a1-4648-0756-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aFront Cover; Contents; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; Executive Summary; Abbreviations; Introduction; PART 1 Sustainable Urban Transport Financing; Chapter 1 Challenges for Urban Transport Financing and Cities' "Underfunding Trap"; Model Analysis of Urban Transport Finance Investments for Cities of Different Scale; Insufficiency of Revenue Sources and the Underfunding Trap; Impacts of Transport Underfinancing on Economic Development and Urban Poor; Partial Strategies in Current Literature; Notes; Chapter 2 Analytical Framework for Urban Transport Financing from the Sidewalk to the Subway 327 $aFramework Overview Who Benefits Pays; Wise Investments: Sustainable Financing and Sustainable Transport; Complementary Sources of Revenue and Addressing Periodicity; Notes; Chapter 3 Framework Analysis of Public and Private Financing Instruments; Overview; Measure of Benefits and Funding Periodicity; Revenue Levels and Financial and Transport Sustainability; Notes; Chapter 4 From the Sidewalk to the Subway: Comprehensive and Sustainable Urban Transport Financing; Combining Instruments to Finance Transport Investments 327 $aMoving Forward: Integrated Transport Planning, Wise Investments, and the Role for Public Subsidies Note; Chapter 5 Conclusion; PART 2 Financing Instruments; Chapter 6 General Benefit Instruments; Public Transport Subsidies, Property Taxes, and National and International Grants and Loans; Climate-Related Financing Instruments; Notes; Chapter 7 Direct Benefit Instruments; Chapter 8 Indirect Benefit Instruments; Advertising and Employer Contributions; Value Capture Strategies; Notes; Chapter 9 Public-Private Partnerships; Bibliography; Figures 327 $a1.1 Typical Pattern of Capital, Operation, and Maintenance Expenditures for Transport 1.2 Total Estimated Costs (Capital, Operation, and Maintenance) for Medium, Large, and Mega Cities over 20 Years; 1.3 Infrastructure Needs (a) and Estimated Total Cost of Capital and Maintenance (b) for Bogota's Road Network over 20 Years; 1.4 Schematic Representation of a City's Underfunding Trap Based on Empirical Data for the Bogota Transport System; 1.5 Total Costs (Explicit and Implicit) and Benefits of Cars and Public Transport 327 $a4.1 Use of Financing Instruments for Capital, Operations, and Maintenance Costs by Urban Transport Mode 4.2 Use of Financing Instruments for Different Elements of the Urban Transport System; 6.1 Overview of Climate Financing Instruments; 8.1 Value Capture Strategies and Spatial Distribution; 9.1 Types of Public-Private Partnerships; Tables; 1.1 City Sizes and Associated Transport Infrastructure; 1.2 Main Revenue Sources in Urban Transport; 2.1 Financing Instruments by Type of Beneficiary; 3.1 Summarized Analysis Framework for Evaluating Urban Transport Financing 327 $a3.2 Financing of Capital, Operations, and Maintenance Using General Benefit Instruments 330 $aUrban transport systems are essential for economic development and improving citizens' quality of life. To establish high-quality and affordable transport systems, cities must ensure their financial sustainability to fund new investments in infrastructure while also funding maintenance and operation of existing facilities and services. However, many cities in developing countries are stuck in an "underfunding trap" for urban transport, in which large up-front investments are needed for new transport infrastructure that will improve the still small-scale, and perhaps, poor-quality systems, but revenue is insufficient to cover maintenance and operation expenses, let alone new investment projects. The urban transport financing gap in these cities is further widened by the implicit subsidies for the use of private cars, which represent a minority of trips but contribute huge costs in terms of congestion, sprawl, accidents, and pollution. Using an analytical framework based on the concept of "Who Benefits Pays," 24 types of financing instruments are assessed in terms of their social, economic and environmental impacts and their ability to fund urban transport capital investments, operational expenses, and maintenance. Urban transport financing needs to be based on an appropriate mix of complementary financing instruments. In particular for capital investments, a combination of grants -from multiple levels of government- and loans together with investments through public private partnerships could finance large projects that benefit society. Moreover, the property tax emerges as a key financing instrument for capital, operation, and maintenance expenses. By choosing the most appropriate mix of financing instruments and focusing on wise investments, cities can design comprehensive financing for all types of urban transport projects, using multi-level innovative revenue sources that promote efficient pricing schemes, increase overall revenue, strengthen sustainable transport, and cover capital investments, operation, and maintenance for all parts of a public transport system, "from the sidewalk to the subway." 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 606 $aUrban transportation$xFinance 606 $aLocal transit$xFinance 615 0$aUrban transportation$xFinance. 615 0$aLocal transit$xFinance. 676 $a388.4042 700 $aArdila-Gomez$b Arturo$01865524 702 $aOrtegon-Sanchez$b Adriana 801 0$bBTCTA 801 1$bBTCTA 801 2$bOCLCQ 801 2$bJHE 801 2$bDLC 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910963880703321 996 $aSustainable urban transport financing from the sidewalk to the subway$94472648 997 $aUNINA