LEADER 05778oam 22013454 450 001 9910961807303321 005 20250426110038.0 010 $a9786612843082 010 $a9781462347704 010 $a1462347703 010 $a9781452725857 010 $a1452725853 010 $a9781282843080 010 $a1282843087 010 $a9781451872354 010 $a1451872356 035 $a(CKB)3170000000055235 035 $a(EBL)1608236 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000940086 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11576138 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000940086 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10946363 035 $a(PQKB)10711506 035 $a(OCoLC)466422400 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2009088 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1608236 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2009088 035 $aWPIEA2009088 035 $a(EXLCZ)993170000000055235 100 $a20020129d2009 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aChile?s Structural Fiscal Surplus Rule : $eA Model-Based Evaluation /$fMichael Kumhof, Douglas Laxton 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2009. 215 $a1 online resource (56 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9781451916706 311 08$a1451916701 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aContents; I. Introduction; II. The Model; Figures; 1. Goods and Factor Flows in GIMF; A. Overlapping Generations Households; B. Liquidity Constrained Households; C. Manufacturers; D. Copper Producers; E. Unions; F. Import Agents; G. Distributors; H. Retailers; I. Government; J. Equilibrium and Balance of Payments; III. Calibration; IV. Choice of Countercyclical Coefficients; Tables; 1. Fiscal Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Volatility; 2. Policy Efficiency Frontiers; V. Choice of Surplus Target; 3. SFS Rule - Survey; 4. SFS Rule - Fiscal Accounts; 5. Balanced Budget Rule - Survey 327 $a6. Balanced Budget Rule - Fiscal Accounts7. Aggressive Countercyclical Rule - Survey; 8. Aggressive Countercyclical Rule - Fiscal Accounts; 9. Surplus Target Shock - Survey; 10. Surplus Target Shock - Fiscal; VI. Summary; References; Appendices; 1. Population Growth; 2. Optimality Conditions for OLG Households; 3. Consumption and Wealth; 4. Optimality for Manufacturing Firms 330 3 $aThe paper analyzes Chile's structural balance fiscal rule in the face of copper price shocks originating in foreign copper demand. It uses a version of the IMF's Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal Model (GIMF) that includes a copper sector. Two results are obtained. First, Chile's current fiscal rule performs well if the policymaker puts a small weight on output volatility (relative to inflation volatility) in his/her objective function. A more aggressive countercyclical fiscal rule can attain lower output volatility, but there is a trade-off with (somewhat) higher inflation volatility and (much) higher volatility of fiscal variables. Second, given its current stock of government assets, Chile's adoption of a 0.5% surplus target starting in 2008 is desirable from a business cycle perspective. This is because the earlier 1% target would have required significant further asset accumulation that could only have been accomplished at the expense of greater volatility in fiscal instruments and therefore in GDP. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2009/088 606 $aFiscal policy$zChile 606 $aFinance, Public$zChile 606 $aCement$2imf 606 $aCeramics$2imf 606 $aConsumption$2imf 606 $aCopper$2imf 606 $aDeflation$2imf 606 $aEconomics$2imf 606 $aGlass$2imf 606 $aIncome economics$2imf 606 $aInflation$2imf 606 $aInvestment & securities$2imf 606 $aInvestments: Metals$2imf 606 $aLabor economics$2imf 606 $aLabor Economics: General$2imf 606 $aLabor$2imf 606 $aLabour$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics: Consumption$2imf 606 $aMetals and Metal Products$2imf 606 $aPrice Level$2imf 606 $aPrices$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aRevenue administration$2imf 606 $aRevenue$2imf 606 $aSaving$2imf 606 $aTaxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General$2imf 606 $aWealth$2imf 607 $aChile$2imf 615 0$aFiscal policy 615 0$aFinance, Public 615 7$aCement 615 7$aCeramics 615 7$aConsumption 615 7$aCopper 615 7$aDeflation 615 7$aEconomics 615 7$aGlass 615 7$aIncome economics 615 7$aInflation 615 7$aInvestment & securities 615 7$aInvestments: Metals 615 7$aLabor economics 615 7$aLabor Economics: General 615 7$aLabor 615 7$aLabour 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aMacroeconomics: Consumption 615 7$aMetals and Metal Products 615 7$aPrice Level 615 7$aPrices 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aRevenue administration 615 7$aRevenue 615 7$aSaving 615 7$aTaxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General 615 7$aWealth 676 $a332.152 700 $aKumhof$b Michael$01815645 701 $aLaxton$b Douglas$01594457 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910961807303321 996 $aChile?s Structural Fiscal Surplus Rule$94371260 997 $aUNINA LEADER 02477nam 2200469z- 450 001 9910136797903321 005 20210212 035 $a(CKB)3710000000631143 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/58575 035 $a(oapen)doab58575 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000631143 100 $a20202102d2016 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aThe Role of Aire, microRNAs and Cell-Cell Interactions on Thymic Architecture and Induction of Tolerance 210 $cFrontiers Media SA$d2016 215 $a1 online resource (107 p.) 225 1 $aFrontiers Research Topics 311 08$a2-88919-770-0 330 $aThe focus of this eBook is to bring new insights into central immune tolerance. To fulfill that, much has been discussed about the master in the regulation of tolerance, the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene the main thymus cell type that expresses this gene, the medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). It includes one Editorial and 12 other excellent contributions in the format of mini reviews or original research papers covering one or more of these aspects: promiscuous gene expression (PGE), epigenetics, miRNAs, association of the Aire gene and miRNAs, thymocyte-TEC interaction, coxsackievirus and type 1 diabetes, exosomes in the thymus, thymic crosstalk, thymic B cells, T cell development, chemokines and migration of T cells, miRNAs and the thymic atrophy, cell-cell interactions, and thymus ontogeny. Authors raised hypothesis, discuss concepts, and show open questions. The remaining important issues to resolve questions within the central tolerance research are briefly discussed below. 606 $aMedicine$2bicssc 610 $aAire gene 610 $acell-cell interaction 610 $aCentral Tolerance 610 $aChemokines 610 $amicroRNA 610 $apromiscuous gene expression 610 $aThymic B cell 610 $athymic crosstalk 610 $athymocyte 610 $aThymus 615 7$aMedicine 700 $aGeraldo Aleixo Passos$4auth$01279442 702 $aErnna Herida Oliveira$4auth 702 $aDaniella Areas Mendes-da-Cruz$4auth 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910136797903321 996 $aThe Role of Aire, microRNAs and Cell-Cell Interactions on Thymic Architecture and Induction of Tolerance$93015381 997 $aUNINA