LEADER 06291oam 22014774 450 001 9910960887703321 005 20250426110115.0 010 $a9786612843433 010 $a9781462307340 010 $a1462307345 010 $a9781452765204 010 $a1452765200 010 $a9781282843431 010 $a1282843435 010 $a9781451872767 010 $a1451872763 035 $a(CKB)3170000000055284 035 $a(EBL)1608332 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001487552 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11850617 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001487552 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11481949 035 $a(PQKB)10525145 035 $a(OCoLC)451207112 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1608332 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2009129 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2009129 035 $aWPIEA2009129 035 $a(EXLCZ)993170000000055284 100 $a20020129d2009 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 14$aThe Systemic Regulation of Credit Rating Agencies and Rated Markets /$fAmadou Sy 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2009. 215 $a1 online resource (38 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9781451917055 311 08$a1451917058 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aContents; I. Introduction; II. Lessons from Previous Rating Crises; III. Credit Ratings in Capital Markets; A. The Demand and Supply for Credit Ratings; B. Use of Credit Ratings in Legislation, Regulations and Supervisory Policies (LRSP's); C. Costs and Benefits of Ratings; IV. The Systemic Risk of Ratings; V. Role of CRA's in Structured Products Markets; A. The Rapid Growth of Structured Products; B. AAA as the Gold Standard; VI. Model Risk in the Rating of Structured Credit Products; VII. Governance Issues in the Rating of Structured Credit Products; VIII. Policy Recommendations 327 $aA. Regulating CRAsB. Regulating Rated Securities Markets; C. Ensuring Systemic Stability; IX. Conclusions; X. Reference 330 3 $aCredit ratings have contributed to the current financial crisis. Proposals to regulate credit rating agencies focus on micro-prudential issues and aim at reducing conflicts of interest and increasing transparency and competition. In contrast, this paper argues that macro-prudential regulation is necessary to address the systemic risk inherent to ratings. The paper illustrates how financial markets have increasingly relied on ratings. It shows how downgrades have led to systemic market losses and increased illiquidity. The paper suggests the use of "ratings maps" and stress-tests to assess the systemic risk of ratings, and increased capital or liquidity buffers to manage such risk. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2009/129 606 $aRating agencies (Finance) 606 $aFinancial crises 606 $aBanks and Banking$2imf 606 $aBrokerage$2imf 606 $aCapital and Ownership Structure$2imf 606 $aCredit ratings$2imf 606 $aCredit risk$2imf 606 $aCredit$2imf 606 $aFinance$2imf 606 $aFinance: General$2imf 606 $aFinancial Crises$2imf 606 $aFinancial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation$2imf 606 $aFinancial institutions$2imf 606 $aFinancial instruments$2imf 606 $aFinancial regulation and supervision$2imf 606 $aFinancial Risk and Risk Management$2imf 606 $aFinancial risk management$2imf 606 $aFinancial sector policy and analysis$2imf 606 $aFinancial services law & regulation$2imf 606 $aFinancing Policy$2imf 606 $aGeneral Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data)$2imf 606 $aGeneral Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation$2imf 606 $aGoodwill$2imf 606 $aInvestment & securities$2imf 606 $aInvestment Banking$2imf 606 $aInvestments: General$2imf 606 $aMonetary economics$2imf 606 $aMonetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General$2imf 606 $aMoney and Monetary Policy$2imf 606 $aMoney$2imf 606 $aRatings and Ratings Agencies$2imf 606 $aSecurities$2imf 606 $aSystemic risk$2imf 606 $aValue of Firms$2imf 606 $aVenture Capital$2imf 607 $aUnited States$2imf 615 0$aRating agencies (Finance) 615 0$aFinancial crises. 615 7$aBanks and Banking 615 7$aBrokerage 615 7$aCapital and Ownership Structure 615 7$aCredit ratings 615 7$aCredit risk 615 7$aCredit 615 7$aFinance 615 7$aFinance: General 615 7$aFinancial Crises 615 7$aFinancial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation 615 7$aFinancial institutions 615 7$aFinancial instruments 615 7$aFinancial regulation and supervision 615 7$aFinancial Risk and Risk Management 615 7$aFinancial risk management 615 7$aFinancial sector policy and analysis 615 7$aFinancial services law & regulation 615 7$aFinancing Policy 615 7$aGeneral Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) 615 7$aGeneral Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation 615 7$aGoodwill 615 7$aInvestment & securities 615 7$aInvestment Banking 615 7$aInvestments: General 615 7$aMonetary economics 615 7$aMonetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General 615 7$aMoney and Monetary Policy 615 7$aMoney 615 7$aRatings and Ratings Agencies 615 7$aSecurities 615 7$aSystemic risk 615 7$aValue of Firms 615 7$aVenture Capital 676 $a338.2378 700 $aSy$b Amadou$01805363 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910960887703321 996 $aThe Systemic Regulation of Credit Rating Agencies and Rated Markets$94372050 997 $aUNINA LEADER 10823nam 22004813 450 001 9911040927303321 005 20251201110045.0 010 $a1-394-28803-4 010 $a1-394-28802-6 035 $a(CKB)41704048200041 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC32374314 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL32374314 035 $a(OCoLC)1547910727 035 $a(CaSebORM)9781394288007 035 $a(EXLCZ)9941704048200041 100 $a20251026d2026 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aDistributed and Parallel Computing 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aNewark :$cJohn Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,$d2026. 210 4$dİ2026. 215 $a1 online resource (369 pages) 311 08$a1-394-28800-X 327 $aCover -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Distributed Systems -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Background and Context -- 1.1.2 Objectives of the Study -- 1.1.3 Scope and Limitations -- 1.1.4 Key Characteristics of Distributed Systems -- 1.1.4.1 Decentralization and Concurrency -- 1.1.4.2 Communication and Scalability -- 1.1.4.3 Fault Tolerance and Consistency -- 1.1.4.4 Security and Resource Sharing -- 1.1.5 Types of Distributed Systems -- 1.1.5.1 Systems for Clients and Servers -- 1.1.5.2 Peer-To-Peer Systems -- 1.1.5.3 Middleware-Based Systems -- 1.1.5.4 Three-Tier and N-Tier -- 1.1.5.5 Grid and Cloud Computing -- 1.1.6 Distributed Algorithms for Boolean Equations Over Networks -- 1.1.6.1 System of Boolean Equations Over a Network -- 1.1.6.2 Locally Private Distributed Algorithm -- 1.1.6.3 Consensus Projection for Linear Algebraic Equations -- 1.1.6.4 Affine Subspace Boolean Vector Search -- 1.1.6.5 Distributed SAT Verification -- 1.1.6.6 Distributed Equilibrium Computation of Boolean Networks -- 1.1.7 Effective Communication in Dispersed ML -- 1.1.7.1 Data Parallelism with Gradient Compression -- 1.1.7.2 Scheduling Issues -- 1.1.7.3 Decentralized Analytics -- 1.1.7.4 Federated Learning -- 1.1.7.5 Distributed Security and Privacy in Mobile Networks and IoT Systems -- 1.1.8 DS Applications Across a Wide Range of Domains -- 1.1.8.1 Web Services and Mobile Apps -- 1.1.8.2 Databases and Distributed File Storage Systems -- 1.1.8.3 Blockchain Platforms -- 1.1.8.4 Financial Services -- 1.1.8.5 Scientific Research and Simulation -- 1.1.9 Challenges and Considerations -- 1.1.9.1 Scalability of Distributed Systems in Various Applications -- 1.1.9.2 Integration with Existing Systems -- 1.1.9.3 Regulatory Compliance and Legal Framework -- 1.1.10 Future Prospects and Trends. 327 $a1.1.10.1 Distributed Systems Emerging Technologies (Quantum Distributed Computing) -- 1.1.10.2 Research Advancements -- 1.1.10.3 Anticipated Benefits and Challenges -- 1.1.11 Conclusion -- 1.1.11.1 Recap of Key Findings -- 1.1.11.2 Implications for Healthcare Transformation -- References -- Chapter 2 Topology in Network Technologies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Related Work -- 2.3 Network Topology Design -- 2.4 Advantages of Network Topologies -- 2.5 Case Studies of Network Topologies -- 2.6 Distributed and Parallel Computing in Network Topology -- 2.6.1 Challenges/Issues in Network Topology in Distributed Computing or Parallel Computing -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Distributed Processing Technology and Advancements -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Distributed Processing in Modern Computing -- 3.3 Evolution of Distributed Processing -- 3.4 Key Concepts and Technologies Driving the Evolution of Distributed Processing -- 3.5 Recent Advancements in Distributed Processing -- 3.6 Changing Landscape of Computing -- 3.6.1 New Opportunities and Challenges for Developers and Businesses -- 3.6.2 Use of Distributed and Parallel Computing -- 3.7 Security and Privacy Considerations -- 3.7.1 Case Studies -- 3.7.2 Future Directions -- 3.8 Opportunities and Challenges in Distributed Computing -- 3.8.1 Future Directions and Opportunity -- 3.8.2 Challenges -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Distributed System Architecture and Computing Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Distributed System Architecture -- 4.2.1 Architecture Style -- 4.2.2 Middleware Organization -- 4.3 Middleware in Distributed Systems -- 4.3.1 Host Infrastructure Middleware -- 4.3.2 Distribution Middleware -- 4.3.3 Domain-Specific Middleware -- 4.3.4 Intelligent Middleware -- 4.4 Distributed Cloud Architecture -- 4.5 Distributed Machine Learning -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References. 327 $aChapter 5 Parallel Computing Models and Architecture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Evolution of Parallel Computing Models -- 5.2.1 Basic Approach Parallel Computing -- 5.2.2 Architecture -- 5.2.3 Flowchart Analysis -- 5.3 Parallel Computing Models -- 5.3.1 Complexity -- 5.3.2 Advantages -- 5.3.3 Disadvantages -- 5.3.4 Algorithmic Problem -- 5.3.4.1 Shared Memory Cache -- 5.3.4.2 Distributed Memory Model -- 5.3.4.3 Data Parallel Model -- 5.3.4.4 Task Parallel Model -- 5.3.5 Pipeline Model -- 5.3.6 Hybrid Models -- References -- Chapter 6 Network Issues and High-Level Communication Tools in Distributed Computing -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Common Network Issues in Distributed Computing -- 6.1.2 Group Communication in Distributed Systems -- 6.2 Latency in Distributed and Parallel Computing -- 6.3 Straggler Effect -- 6.4 Packet Loss in the Distributed Network -- 6.4.1 Implications of Packet Loss -- 6.4.2 Identifying Packet Loss -- 6.4.3 Tools to Measure Packet Loss -- 6.4.4 Techniques to Prevent Packet Loss -- 6.5 Network Congestion -- 6.5.1 Causes of Network Congestion and Implications -- 6.5.2 Network Congestion Implication -- 6.6 Communication Load -- 6.6.1 A Deterministic Strategy -- 6.6.2 Bidding Strategy -- 6.6.3 Drafting Strategy -- 6.6.4 Greedy Strategy -- 6.6.5 Threshold Strategy -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Infinite Horizons: Empowering Business Education Through Metaverse -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Challenges and Concerns -- 7.3 Rules of Law-Based Governance -- 7.4 Possible Implementations in Educational Framework of Metaverse Technology -- 7.5 Understanding Metaverse -- 7.6 Explore the Transformational Potential of Metaverse for Business Education -- 7.7 Innovation and Design Ideas Forum -- 7.8 Continuing Education and Career Development -- 7.9 Takeaways -- 7.10 Ethical and Legal Issues -- 7.11 Future Prospects and Innovations. 327 $a7.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Paradigm Shifts and Future Directions in Distributed Data Management for Decentralized Networks -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Paradigm Shifts in Distributed Data Management -- 8.2.1 Evolution of Data Management Paradigms -- 8.2.2 Impact of Decentralized Architectures -- 8.2.3 Key Technological Drivers -- 8.3 Emergent Architectures and Frameworks -- 8.3.1 Overview of Emergent Architectures -- 8.3.2 Domain-Specific Languages in Data Analytics -- 8.4 Integration of IoT -- 8.4.1 IoT Ecosystem and Data Management Challenges -- 8.5 Edge Computing and Big Data Analytics -- 8.5.1 Benefits of Edge Computing -- 8.5.2 Big Data Management in Distributed Systems -- 8.6 Data Aggregation and Summarization Techniques -- 8.6.1 Importance of Data Aggregation -- 8.6.2 Case Studies and Practical Implementations -- 8.7 Advanced Applications and Case Studies -- 8.7.1 Domestic and Industrial Applications -- 8.8 Future Directions in Distributed Data Management -- 8.8.1 Blockchain for Enhanced Data Security -- 8.8.2 AI and ML in Data Analytics -- 8.8.3 Prospective Research Avenues -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Autonomy and Adaptive Architectures in Distributed Systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Conceptual Framework -- 9.2.1 Definition of Key Concepts -- 9.2.1.1 Autonomy -- 9.2.1.2 Adaptive Architectures -- 9.2.1.3 Multiagent Systems -- 9.2.1.4 The Evolutionary Trajectory of MAS -- 9.2.2 Importance of Decentralized Paradigms -- 9.3 Architectural Models -- 9.3.1 Overview of Emergent Architectures -- 9.3.2 Agent-Based Models -- 9.3.2.1 Agent Architecture and Control Flow -- 9.4 Adaptive Strategies in Distributed Systems -- 9.4.1 Mechanisms for System Resilience and Scalability -- 9.5 Case Studies -- 9.5.1 Smart Grids -- 9.5.2 Geographical and Functional Infrastructure Interdependence -- 9.5.3 Water Distribution Systems. 327 $a9.5.3.1 Adaptive Water Management -- 9.5.3.2 Leak Detection and Management -- 9.5.3.3 Water Quality Monitoring -- 9.5.4 Transportation Systems -- 9.5.4.1 Intelligent Transportation Systems -- 9.5.4.2 Traffic Management -- 9.5.4.3 Public Transportation -- 9.6 Application of MASs -- 9.6.1 Autonomous Surface Ships -- 9.6.2 Unmanned Surface Vehicles -- 9.6.3 Swarm Robotics -- 9.6.4 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles -- 9.6.5 Hybrid MASs -- 9.6.6 Common Coordination Models in MAS -- 9.6.6.1 Centralized Coordination -- 9.6.6.2 Decentralized Coordination -- 9.6.6.3 Hierarchical Coordination -- 9.6.6.4 Market-Based Coordination -- 9.6.6.5 Contract Net Protocol -- 9.7 Autonomous Navigation Systems -- 9.7.1 Examples of Recently Developed USVs -- 9.8 Collision Avoidance Algorithms -- 9.8.1 Comparison of Collision Avoidance Algorithms -- 9.8.2 Implementation of TBA -- 9.9 Network Properties in Distributed Systems -- 9.9.1 Small-World Networks -- 9.9.2 Scale-Free Networks -- 9.9.3 Robustness and Fault Tolerance -- 9.9.4 Scalability -- 9.9.5 Application-Specific Design -- 9.10 Challenges and Future Directions -- 9.10.1 Security and Privacy Considerations -- 9.10.2 Integration with Emerging Technologies -- 9.10.2.1 Blockchain -- 9.10.2.2 Artificial Intelligence -- 9.10.2.3 Internet of Things -- 9.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Distributed Consensus Frequency Control in Networked Microgrid -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 System Model -- 10.3 Distributed Control Technique -- 10.3.1 ANN Tuned FOPID Distributed Controller -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 11 Navigating Trust in Distributed Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Trust in Distributed Computing Ecosystem -- 11.1.2 Trust in the Internet of Things -- 11.2 Transparency Basics -- 11.3 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous DSs -- 11.3.1 Trust Concepts. 327 $a11.3.2 Inadequacies with Security Mechanisms. 330 $aMaster the growing field of distributed and parallel computing with this essential guide, offering expert insights into the fundamentals and real-world applications for intelligent and collaborative systems. 700 $aAvasthi$b Sandhya$01842296 701 $aTripathi$b Suman Lata$01341016 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9911040927303321 996 $aDistributed and Parallel Computing$94456794 997 $aUNINA