LEADER 09833nam 2200745 a 450 001 9910960559203321 005 20251116140734.0 010 $a9786610192274 010 $a9780309175623 010 $a0309175623 010 $a9781280192272 010 $a1280192275 010 $a9780309568111 010 $a0309568110 010 $a9780585030869 010 $a0585030863 035 $a(CKB)110986584751788 035 $a(OCoLC)56482551 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10057043 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000266020 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11222036 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000266020 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10300930 035 $a(PQKB)11186209 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376765 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376765 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10057043 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL19227 035 $a(OCoLC)814271208 035 $a(Perlego)4734013 035 $a(BIP)47174762 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584751788 100 $a19960410d1996 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aUse of reclaimed water and sludge in food crop production /$fCommittee on the Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater Effluents and Sludge in the Production of Crops for Human Consumption, Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1996 215 $a1 online resource (192 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780309054799 311 08$a0309054796 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aUse of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- BACKGROUND -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Adequacy of Existing Regulations for Pathogens in Reclaimed Water and Sludge -- Adequacy of Existing Regulations for Harmful Chemicals in Reclaimed Water and Treated Municipal Sludge -- Reclaimed Water -- Treated Municipal Sludge -- Soil, Crop, and Ground Water Effects -- Reclaimed Water -- Treated Municipal Sludge -- Economic, Legal, and Institutional Issues -- Economic Considerations -- Public Perception and Liability -- Other Regulations and Institutional Controls -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 1 Introduction -- REFERENCE -- 2 Municipal Wastewater, Sewage Sludge, and Agriculture -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES -- Wastewater -- Sewage Sludge -- IRRIGATION WITH RECLAIMED WATER -- Crop Irrigation -- Deemand for Irrigation Water -- Wastewater Reclamation Motivated by Disposal Priorities -- Value of Reclaimed Wastewater -- USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN AGRICULTURE -- Potential Role of Sewage Sludge in Crop Production -- Ecological Linkages Between Urban and Agricultural Systems -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Municipal Wastewater and Sludge Treatment -- QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT AND SLUDGE -- CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES -- Preliminary Wastewater Treatment -- Primary Wastewater Treatment -- Secondary Wastewater Treatment -- Tertiary or Advanced Wastewater Treatment -- TREATMENT TO FACILITATE CROP IRRIGATION WITH RECLAIMED WATER -- SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESSES -- Volume Reduction Processes -- Thickening -- Dewatering -- Conditioning -- Drying -- Stabilization Processes -- Biological Stabilization -- Chemical Stabilization -- Inactivation of Pathogenic Organisms and Viruses -- Other Sludge Treatment Processes -- Solidification/Immobilization. 327 $aMetal Stripping and Toxic Organic Destruction -- Combustion -- Ultimate Sludge Utilization or Disposal -- Integrated Sludge Management Schemes -- INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER PRETREATMENT -- Fate of Toxic Chemicals During Secondary Wastewater Treatment -- Heavy Metals -- Cyanide -- Toxic Organic Chemicals: Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds, Pesticides and PCBs -- Pretreatment -- Pretreatment Goals -- Pretreatment Implementation -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Soil, Crop, and Ground Water Effects -- SLUDGE AS A SOURCE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS -- Nitrogen -- Phosphorus -- Other Essential Plant Nutrients -- TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AS A SOURCE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS AND IRRIGATION WATER -- Plant Nutrients -- Irrigation Water Quality Concerns -- EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- Organic Matter -- Water Retention Properties -- Structure and Aggregation -- Water Transmission Properties -- EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- Soluble Cations, Anions, and Molecules -- Trace Elements -- Accumulation of Potentially Harmful Inorganic Chemicals in Soils and Crops -- Accumulations of Potentially Harmful Organics in Soils and Crops -- EFFECTS OF SLUDGE ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS -- Microbial Biomass and Activity -- Biological Nitrogen Fixation -- EFFECTS ON GROUND WATER -- Pathogenic Microorganisms -- Heavy Metals -- Toxic Organic Compounds -- LANDSCAPE-LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 5 Public Health Concerns About Infectious Disease Agents -- INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION -- INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK -- MONITORING INFECTIOUS DISEASE POTENTIAL -- PUBLIC HEALTH EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF RECLAIMED WATER AND SLUDGE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Public Health Concerns About Chemical Constituents in Treated Wastewater and Sludge -- FATE OF AND EXPOSURE TO ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 327 $aBehavior of Toxic Organics in the Soil -- Uptake of Toxic Organics by Plants -- Phthalate Esters -- Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). -- Chlorinated Pesticides -- Disinfection Products -- Acid-Extractable Organic Compounds -- Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and Dibenzofurans (CDFs). -- Volatile Aromatic Compounds (VOC) -- Generalizations Regarding Uptake of Organics by Plants -- Uptake of Toxic Organics by Animals -- FATE OF AND EXPOSURE TO TRACE ELEMENTS IN SLUDGE -- Uptake of Trace Elements by Animals -- NONSPECIFIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Regulations Governing Agricultural Use of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge -- REGULATORY BACKGROUND -- Agricultural Irrigation with Wastewater -- Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge -- FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR THE CONTROL OF PATHOGENS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE -- APPROACHES TO TOXIC CHEMICAL REGULATION IN SLUDGE AND WASTEWATER LAND APPLICATION -- Preventing Toxic Chemical Pollutant Accumulation in Soils -- Allowing Pollutant Accumulation in the Soil -- DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. CHEMICAL POLLUTANT STANDARDS FOR AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE -- General Approach to Risk Assessment -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Exposure Evaluation -- Risk Characterization -- EPA's Risk Assessment Approach -- Hazard Identification -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- EVALUATION OF FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE -- Justification for Exempting Organic Pollutants From Regulation Should be Confirmed -- APLRs May Cause Maximum Permissible Loading Limits to be Exceeded -- Food Safety is not Likely to be Affected by the Regulations -- REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE FOR AGRICULTURAL USE OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER -- Evolution of Regulations Governing Irrigation with Treated Municipal Wastewater. 327 $aGeneral Description of the State Regulations -- Adequacy of Current Regulations for Reclaimed Water -- SUMMARY -- Pathogen Regulations for Sludge -- Toxic Chemicals Regulations for Sludge -- Regulations for Effluent Irrigation -- REFERENCES -- 8 Economic, Legal, and Institutional Issues -- ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR LAND APPLICATION OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE -- POTW Economic Perspectives -- Farm Economics of Treated Wastewater and Sludge Use -- Food Processor Perspectives -- MANAGING RESIDUAL RISKS -- Residual Risks -- Public Concerns to be Addressed -- Risk Management: Private Sector -- Common Law Liability -- Market Forces -- Voluntary Self-Regulation -- OTHER, RELATED GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS -- Toxic Waste Segregation, Waste Collection, and Treatment -- Treated Effluent and Sludge Discharge Management Options -- Surface and Ground Water Protection -- Public Health Protection for Harvested Crops -- Analysis for Regulatory Gaps and Overlap -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix -- COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. 330 $aThe debate over health and aesthetic concerns about using treated waste to fertilize human food crops is well over a century old. In 1993 the US Environmental Protection Agency asked for an update of the situation, in light of the food industry's continuing hesitation a decade after the EPA deemed the practice safe. Among the topics discussed are the history and technology of wastewater treatment, effects on soils and crops, public health concerns, existing regulations, and economic and liability issues. Not addressed are the extensive efforts of chemical fertilizer producers to keep people worried. No index. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR 606 $aSewage sludge as fertilizer 606 $aSewage sludge as fertilizer$xEnvironmental aspects 606 $aSewage sludge as fertilizer$xHealth aspects 615 0$aSewage sludge as fertilizer. 615 0$aSewage sludge as fertilizer$xEnvironmental aspects. 615 0$aSewage sludge as fertilizer$xHealth aspects. 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on the Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater Effluents and Sludge in the Production of Crops for Human Consumption. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910960559203321 996 $aUse of reclaimed water and sludge in food crop production$94367759 997 $aUNINA