LEADER 06018nam 2200661Ia 450 001 9910960130203321 005 20251116140856.0 010 $a9786610186389 010 $a9781280186387 010 $a1280186380 010 $a9780309568609 010 $a0309568609 035 $a(CKB)110986584752410 035 $a(OCoLC)57762895 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10071440 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000155314 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11162017 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000155314 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10100606 035 $a(PQKB)11219736 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3377412 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3377412 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10071440 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL18638 035 $a(OCoLC)923270414 035 $a(Perlego)4735733 035 $a(BIP)12806227 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584752410 100 $a19900918d1986 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aFire and smoke $eunderstanding the hazards /$fCommittee on Fire Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1986 215 $a1 online resource (x, 156 pages) $cillustrations 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 0 $a9780309062312 311 0 $a0309062314 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 131-156). 327 $aFIRE AND SMOKE: UNDERSTANDING THE HAZARDS -- Copyright -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- HAZARD ASSESSMENT VS. RISK ASSESSMENT -- ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD -- THE TESTING OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 FIRE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES -- SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- CAUSES OF FIRE DEATH -- THE CONTEMPORARY FIRE ENVIRONMENT -- 2 A PRIMER ON FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD -- THE BURNING PROCESS -- A TYPICAL COMPARTMENT FIRE -- FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT -- DEFINITIONS:RISK AND HAZARD -- QUANTIFYING HAZARD -- TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE -- TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE -- BURNING OF A SINGLE ITEM -- BURNING OF MULTIPLE ITEMS -- 3 STATUS OF FIRE HAZARD MODELS AND TEST METHODS -- INTRODUCTION -- DETECTION MODELS -- MODELS FOR TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE -- THE HARVARD MODELS -- OTHER TWO-LAYER MODELS -- FIELD MODELS -- EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS FOR MODEL FOR TAE -- MODELS FOR TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE -- TEST METHODS FOR MODEL INPUT DATA -- BURNING RATE -- RATE OF PRODUCTION OF SMOKE AND TOXICANTS -- TOXICITY DATA -- IGNITABILITY -- SUMMARY -- 4 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES -- HEAT -- OXYGEN DEPLETION -- SMOKE -- WATER -- PARTICLES (SOOT AND AEROSOLS) -- GASES -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Hydrogen Cyanide -- IRRITANTS -- Hyrdrogen Chloride -- Hydrogen Fluoride -- Sulfur Dioxide -- Nitrogen Dioxide -- Hydrogen Sulfide -- ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS -- FREE RADICALS -- INTERACTIONS AMONG COMPONENTS -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKE INHALATION ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO FIRES -- IMMEDIATE EFFECTS -- EARLY POSTEXPOSURE EFFECTS -- LONG-TERM SEQUELAE -- Long-Term Sequelae after Single Exposures -- Long-Term Sequelae after Repeated Exposures -- Cancer -- SUMMARY -- 5 LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF TOXIC POTENCY OF SMOKE -- USE OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY TESTS: TO SCREEN OR NOT TO SCREEN. 327 $aCHEMICAL ANALYSIS VS. BIOLOGIC ASSAY -- TEST METHODS THAT USE DEATH AS AN END POINT -- BIOASSAY OF SMOKE POTENCY -- LIMITATIONS IN USE OF BIOLOGIC DATA -- GERMAN DIN 53 436 METHOD -- NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS METHOD -- UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH METHOD -- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS -- Acute Toxicity -- Anatomic Changes -- Test Subjects -- Physical Test Characteristics -- Furnace Dimensions -- Heat Transfer and Oxygen Availability -- Heating Regimen -- Combustion Chamber Atmosphere -- Exposure System -- Physical Artifacts -- Comparison of Data from NBS and Pittsburgh Tests -- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS WITH GUIDELINES FROM 1977 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT -- TEST METHODS THAT USE NONLETHAL END POINTS -- FACTORS THAT IMPEDE ESCAPE -- OBSERVATIONAL METHODS -- Motorized Activity Wheels -- Hind-Leg Flexion -- Sensory Irritation and Physiologic Stress -- OTHER METHODS -- Unsignaled-Shock Avoidance/Escape -- Water-Reinforced Task -- Rotorod with Electrified Grill Floor -- Multisensory Conditioned Pole-Climb Avoidance -- Analysis of Use of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid to Detect Acute Nonlethal Lung Toxicity -- SUMMARY -- 6 GUIDELINES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDIES -- CASE STUDY 1: BURNING OF AN UPHOLSTERED CHAIR -- STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS -- Environment -- Fuel and Ignition -- Conditions of Exposure -- STEP:COMPUTING TAE AS A FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- Fire Model -- Burning of Upholstered Furniture -- Results of Calculations -- STEP 3: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE -- STEP 4: SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- CASE STUDY 2: CONCEALED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL -- STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS -- STEP 2: COMPUTING TAE AS FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- Fire Buildup in Room -- Thermal Condition Behind Wall -- Response to Thermal Conditions Behind the Wall -- Contribution of Two Fires to Smoke. 327 $aSTEPS 3 AND 4: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE AND SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- SUMMARY -- DEFINING THE SCENARIO -- RELATING TAE TO FIRE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS -- SELECTING MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE -- SPECIFYING PRODUCT PERFORMANCE -- REFERENCES. 606 $aFire prevention 606 $aFire protection engineering 615 0$aFire prevention. 615 0$aFire protection engineering. 676 $a628.9222 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Fire Toxicology. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910960130203321 996 $aFire and smoke$94361123 997 $aUNINA