LEADER 05913oam 22006855 450 001 9910958443003321 005 20240314025314.0 010 $a9780821399873 010 $a082139987X 024 7 $a10.1596/978-0-8213-9986-6 035 $a(CKB)2550000001108409 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000950828 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12448099 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000950828 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10881633 035 $a(PQKB)10960677 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1336653 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1336653 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10740786 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL508759 035 $a(OCoLC)855505081 035 $a(The World Bank)17768748 035 $a(US-djbf)17768748 035 $a(Perlego)1484135 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000001108409 100 $a20130607d2013 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aSustaining trade reform $einstitutional lessons from Argentina and Peru /$fby Elias A. Baracat, J. Michael Finger, Raul Leon Thorne, and Julio J. Nogues 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, DC :$cWorld Bank,$d[2013] 215 $a1 online resource (pages cm) 225 0 $aDirections in development 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9780821399866 311 08$a0821399861 311 08$a9781299775084 311 08$a129977508X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aFront Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Background -- Analytical Framework -- Content of the Following Chapters -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 The Evolution of Trade Policy in Peru, 2001-11 -- Introduction -- Focus of This Chapter -- Economic Development: 1990-2000 -- Economic Development: 2001-10 -- Developing a Long-Term Vision -- Implementing the Long-Term Vision -- Negotiation and Implementation: Making Things Happen -- Other Examples of Good Governance Practices -- Final Remarks -- Annex 2A: Tariff Structure in Peru -- Annex 2B: Tariff Structure by Type of Good -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Import Substitution under the World Trade Organization: Argentina -- Introduction -- Import Substitution in Historical Perspective -- The External Environment in Reform Years and Since -- Trends in Import Barriers -- Other Import Substitution Policies -- Agricultural Trade and Food Subsidy Policies -- Lessons from Multilateral and Bilateral Tensions -- Concluding Remarks -- Annex 3A: Trade Flows by Origin or Destination and Type of Goods -- Annex 3B: Import Coverage of Nonautomatic Licenses -- Annex 3C: Joint Statement of Several WTO Members on Argentina's Import Restricting Policies and Practices -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Peru and Argentina: Different Paths -- Introduction -- Peru -- Argentina -- Accounting for the Difference -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Conclusions -- Introduction -- Commitment Is Nothing If It Does Not Create Importer Rights in National Law and Regulation -- Maintain the Momentum of Liberalization -- Focus on National Process -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Figures -- Tables -- Back Cover. 330 $aFactually, the principal finding of this book is that the trade policy reforms introduced by Peru in the 1990s have continued over several changes of president, whereas similar reforms in Argentina have been reversed. In both countries, the reforms included the introduction of new mechanisms for managing trade policy as well as the reduction of restrictions. Throughout the decade beginning in 2000, Peru’s liberalization expanded. The new institutions became more robust, and through them pressures for protection were effectively contained. At the same time, Argentine trade policy returned to the high-protection import substitution regime in place before the 1990s reforms. Multiple restrictions have been imposed, mostly through a reversion to informal methods that abjure the governance characteristics that the 1990s reforms introduced.The difference between the two cases cannot be explained by economic parameters such as resource endowments or external shocks. Peru’s reforms manifest the buoyant and confident attitude toward the global economy that reform leaders were able to introduce into Peruvian politics. In the words of former president Alan García, there is an eagerness to "climb up on the wave of growth." In comparison, Argentina’s current development strategy sees international trade as detrimental to Argentina’s interests unless participation by Argentine buyers and sellers is guided by government intervention.The Peruvian case provides examples of successfully managing the politics of reform and the technical aspects of policy so as to establish transparent and participatory processes that weigh accurately the impact of trade policy on all affected domestic parties. The Argentine case demonstrates that the World Trade Organization legal system is not an effective restraint on a government that wants to revert to an import substitution 330 8 $aregime. International cooperation has been useful when it has recognized and influenced domestic sovereignty over economic regulation; however, it is not been useful when approached as a matter of international regulation of national actions. 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 607 $aArgentina$xCommercial policy 607 $aArgentina$xCommerce 607 $aPeru$xCommercial policy 607 $aPeru$xCommerce 676 $a382/.30982 700 $aBaracat$b Elias$01556744 701 $aBaracat$b Eli?as$01556744 712 02$aWorld Bank. 801 0$bDLC 801 1$bDLC 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910958443003321 996 $aSustaining trade reform$94360289 997 $aUNINA