LEADER 05848nam 2200673Ia 450 001 9910958289803321 005 20251117083603.0 010 $a1-61761-039-9 035 $a(CKB)2670000000176627 035 $a(EBL)3018087 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000687770 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12220410 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000687770 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10756185 035 $a(PQKB)11535074 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3018087 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3018087 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10659009 035 $a(OCoLC)787863530 035 $a(BIP)31047294 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000176627 100 $a20100604d2010 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aChanges in the Arctic $ebackground and issues /$fBrandon D. Swarson, editor 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aNew York $cNova Science Publishers$dc2010 215 $a1 online resource (243 p.) 225 1 $aArctic region and Antarctica issues and research 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a1-61728-882-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $a""LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA ""; "" CHANGES IN THE ARCTIC: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES ""; ""CONTENTS ""; ""PREFACE ""; ""CHANGES IN THE ARCTIC: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES FOR CONGRESS* ""; ""SUMMARY ""; ""INTRODUCTION ""; ""BACKGROUND1 ""; ""Definitions of the Arctic ""; ""Arctic Circle Definition and Resulting Arctic Countries ""; ""Definition in Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 ""; ""Other Definitions ""; ""U.S. Arctic Research ""; ""Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984, As Amended ""; ""NSF FY2011 Budget Request for Arctic Research "" 327 $a""January 2009 Presidential Arctic Policy Directive """"The Arctic and the U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 17 ""; ""Background to UNCLOS ""; ""Part VI of UNCLOS and Commission on Limits of Continental Shelf""; ""U.S. Activities as a Non-Party to UNCLOS ""; ""ISSUES FOR CONGRESS ""; ""Climate Change and Loss of Arctic Sea Ice 26 ""; ""Territorial Claims and Sovereignty Issues 33 ""; ""Commercial Sea Transportation36 ""; ""Background ""; ""Destination Traffic, Not Trans-Arctic Traffic ""; ""Cruise Ship Activity "" 327 $a""Unpredictable Ice Conditions Hinders Trans-Arctic Shipping """"Basic Navigation Infrastructure Is Lacking ""; ""Regulation of Arctic Shipping ""; ""Arctic Guidelines ""; ""Long-Range Vessel Tracking Requirement ""; ""a???Ice Classa??? Vessel Certification ""; ""Oil, Gas, and Mineral Exploration ""; ""Oil and Gas ""; ""Extent of the Continental Margin ""; ""Minerals ""; ""Environment and Economics ""; ""Oil Pollution and Pollution Response 67""; ""Oil Pollution Implications of Arctic Change ""; ""Risk of Oil Pollution in the Arctic ""; ""Potential Impacts "" 327 $a""Response and Cleanup Challenges in the Arctic Region """"Spill Response Challenges ""; ""Oil Spill Cleanup Challenges ""; ""Existing Policy Framework ""; ""Fisheries 93 ""; ""Protected Species 96 ""; ""Indigenous People Living in the Arctic 100 ""; ""Background ""; ""Effects of Climate Change ""; ""Polar Icebreaking130 ""; ""Search and Rescue 134 ""; ""U.S. Relations with other Arctic Countries 136 ""; ""U.S. Military Forces and Operations 148 ""; ""2010 Quadrennial Defense Review ""; ""Navy and Coast Guard ""; ""January 2009 Arctic Policy Directive "" 327 $a""CRS REPORTS ON SPECIFIC ARCTIC-RELATED ISSUES """"APPENDIX A. ARCTIC RESEARCH AND POLICY ACT OF 1984 (TITLE I OF P.L. 98-373) ""; ""Findings and Purposes ""; ""Arctic Research Commission ""; ""Duties of Commission ""; ""Cooperation with the Commission ""; ""Administration of the Commission ""; ""Lead Agency and Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee ""; ""Duties of the Interagency Committee ""; ""5-Year Arctic Research Plan ""; ""Coordination and Review of Budget Requests ""; ""Authorization of Appropriations; New Spending Authority ""; ""Definition "" 327 $a""APPENDIX B. P.L. 101-609 OF 1990, AMENDING ARCTIC RESEARCH AND POLICY ACT OF 1984 "" 330 $aThe loss of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened concerns about the region's future. Issues such as Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international co-operation, competition, or conflict. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial political, economic, energy, environmental, and other interests in the region. Decisions that Congress, the executive branch, foreign governments, international organisations, and commercial firms make on Arctic-related issues could affect these interests. This book provides an overview of Arctic-related background information and issues. 410 0$aArctic region and Antarctica issues and research. 606 $aEnvironmental degradation$zArctic regions 606 $aEnvironmental policy$zArctic regions 606 $aGlobal environmental change$zArctic regions 607 $aArctic regions$xEnvironmental conditions 615 0$aEnvironmental degradation 615 0$aEnvironmental policy 615 0$aGlobal environmental change 676 $a363.700911/3 701 $aSwarson$b Brandon D$01868292 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910958289803321 996 $aChanges in the Arctic$94476152 997 $aUNINA