LEADER 04229nam 2200841 a 450 001 9910955853503321 005 20240416113455.0 010 $a9780801473524 010 $a0801473527 010 $a9780801470059 010 $a0801470056 010 $a9780801461682 010 $a0801461685 024 7 $a10.7591/9780801461682 035 $a(CKB)2550000000036428 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000537654 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11301151 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000537654 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10554088 035 $a(PQKB)11182856 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3138213 035 $a(DE-B1597)481744 035 $a(OCoLC)984686877 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780801461682 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3138213 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10471858 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL681812 035 $a(OCoLC)732959291 035 $a(Perlego)969651 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000036428 100 $a20060714d2006 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aHow Russia really works $ethe informal practices that shaped post-Soviet politics and business /$fAlena V. Ledeneva 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aIthaca [N.Y.] $cCornell University Press$d2006 215 $axii, 270 p. $cill 225 1 $aCulture and society after socialism 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9781322505305 311 08$a1322505306 311 08$a9780801443466 311 08$a0801443466 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aWhy are informal practices still prevalent in Russia? -- Chernyi piar : manipulative campaigning and the workings of Russian democracy -- Kompromat : the use of compromising information in informal politics -- Krugovaia poruka : sustaining the ties of joint responsibility -- Tenevoi barter : shadow barter, barter chains, and nonmonetary markets -- Dvoinaia bukhgalteriia : double accountancy and financial scheming -- Post-Soviet tolkachi : alternative enforcement and the use of law. 330 $aDuring the Soviet era, blat-the use of personal networks for obtaining goods and services in short supply and for circumventing formal procedures-was necessary to compensate for the inefficiencies of socialism. The collapse of the Soviet Union produced a new generation of informal practices. In How Russia Really Works, Alena V. Ledeneva explores practices in politics, business, media, and the legal sphere in Russia in the 1990s-from the hiring of firms to create negative publicity about one's competitors, to inventing novel schemes of tax evasion and engaging in "alternative" techniques of contract and law enforcement.Ledeneva discovers ingenuity, wit, and vigor in these activities and argues that they simultaneously support and subvert formal institutions. They enable corporations, the media, politicians, and businessmen to operate in the post-Soviet labyrinth of legal and practical constraints but consistently undermine the spirit, if not the letter, of the law. The "know-how" Ledeneva describes in this book continues to operate today and is crucial to understanding contemporary Russia. 410 0$aCulture and society after socialism. 606 $aPolitical corruption$zRussia (Federation) 606 $aPolitical culture$zRussia (Federation) 606 $aCorporations$xCorrupt practices$zRussia (Federation) 606 $aCorporate culture$zRussia (Federation) 606 $aSocial networks$zRussia (Federation) 606 $aBusiness networks$zRussia (Federation) 607 $aRussia (Federation)$xPolitics and government$y1991- 607 $aRussia (Federation)$xEconomic conditions$y1991- 615 0$aPolitical corruption 615 0$aPolitical culture 615 0$aCorporations$xCorrupt practices 615 0$aCorporate culture 615 0$aSocial networks 615 0$aBusiness networks 676 $a320.947 700 $aLedeneva$b Alena V.$f1964-$0297090 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910955853503321 996 $aHow Russia really works$91376715 997 $aUNINA LEADER 03202nam 2200637 a 450 001 9910963571903321 005 20240516054812.0 010 $a1-283-12176-X 010 $a9786613121769 010 $a90-272-8472-5 024 7 $a10.1075/sfsl.47 035 $a(CKB)2670000000083845 035 $a(EBL)690442 035 $a(OCoLC)723945402 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000827480 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11448010 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000827480 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10830055 035 $a(PQKB)11174411 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC690442 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL690442 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10470283 035 $a(DE-B1597)719643 035 $a(DE-B1597)9789027284723 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000083845 100 $a19990806d1999 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aIssues in mathematical linguistics $eWorkshop on Mathematical Linguistics, State College, Pa., April 1998 /$fedited by Carlos Marti?n-Vide 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aAmsterdam ;$aPhiladelphia $cJohn Benjamins Pub. Co.$dc1999 215 $a1 online resource (226 p.) 225 1 $aStudies in functional and structural linguistics,$x0165-7712 ;$vv. 47 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a1-55619-898-1 311 08$a90-272-1556-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and indexes. 327 $aISSUES IN MATHEMATICAL LINGUISTICS; Editorial page; Title page; Copyright page; Foreword; Table of contents; List of Contributors; Commands as Binary Relations; Generalized Minimalist Grammars; An Infinite Hierarchy of Mildly Context-Sensitive Families of Languages; Some Uses and Abuses of Mathematics in Linguistics; Logical Splicing in Natural Languages; X-Families: An Approach to the Study of Families of Syntactically Similar Languages; Overparsing; Computational Complexity in Language Models; Grammar Efficiency and the Historical Development of Word Order in French; Author Index 327 $aSubject Index 330 $aThis brief collection of refereed papers approaches several technical as well as methodological aspects of the mathematical formalization of natural language, particularly in syntax and in semantics. Such kind of investigation is a prerequisite for the computational processing of language and is narrowly related to current developments in other disciplines, namely theoretical computer science and mathematical logic. The volume offers a coherent picture of recent research on the mathematics of language, and may be of interest to a wide audience, from linguists to mathematicians. Detailed indexe 410 0$aStudies in functional and structural linguistics ;$vv. 47. 606 $aMathematical linguistics$vCongresses 615 0$aMathematical linguistics 676 $a410/.1/51 701 $aMarti?n Vide$b Carlos$0168387 712 12$aWorkshop on Mathematical Linguistics 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910963571903321 996 $aIssues in mathematical linguistics$94374837 997 $aUNINA