LEADER 01185nam0-2200385---450 001 990005634040203316 005 20190403124935.0 035 $a000563404 035 $aUSA01000563404 035 $a(ALEPH)000563404USA01 035 $a000563404 100 $a20030710d1997----|||y0itaa50------ba 101 $aita 102 $ait 105 $a0 00||| 200 1 $aTra esperienza e ragione$eHegel e il problema dell'inizio della storia della filosofia$fMassimiliano Biscuso 210 $aMilano$cGerini e associati$dcopyr. 1997 215 $a436 p.$d21 cm. 225 2 $aHegeliana$fIstituto italiano per gli studi filosofici$v21 410 0$12001$aHegeliana$v21 606 $aHegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich$xFilosofia$2F 620 $dMILANO 676 $a193 700 1$aBISCUSO,$bMassimiliano$0258764 801 0$aIT$bSA$c20111219 912 $a990005634040203316 950 0$aDipar.to di Filosofia - Salerno$dDFCC 193 BIS$e4515 FIL 951 $aCC 193 BIS$b4515 FIL 959 $aBK 969 $aFIL 979 $c20121027$lUSA01$h1525 979 $c20121027$lUSA01$h1614 996 $aTra esperienza e ragione$9105425 997 $aUNISA NUM $aSA0008359 LEADER 12315nam 2200769 a 450 001 9910953917003321 005 20240516042226.0 010 $a9786613092328 010 $a9789027285232 010 $a9027285233 010 $a9781283092326 010 $a1283092328 024 7 $a10.1075/slcs.97 035 $a(CKB)2550000000032459 035 $a(OCoLC)713025893 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10463027 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000471686 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11300769 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000471686 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10428255 035 $a(PQKB)11639464 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC680408 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL680408 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10463027 035 $a(OCoLC)713010246 035 $a(DE-B1597)721792 035 $a(DE-B1597)9789027285232 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000032459 100 $a20071029d2008 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aNew-dialect formation in Canada $eevidence from the English modal auxiliaries /$fStefan Dollinger 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aAmsterdam [Netherlands] ;$aPhiladelphia [Pa.] $cJohn Benjamins Pub.$dc2008 215 $a1 online resource (381 p.) 225 1 $aStudies in language companion series,$x0165-7763 ;$vv. 97 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9789027231086 311 08$a9027231087 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aNew-Dialect Formationin Canada Evidence from the English modal auxiliaries -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- List of Maps -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- About this book -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Colonial Englishes and Canadian English -- 1.2 Ontario English -- 1.3 Aims of the present study -- 2 CANADIAN ENGLISH: A RESEARCH HISTORY OF THE 'OTHER' VARIETY OF NORTH AMERICAN ENGLISH -- 2.1 Identity, standard and variation in Canadian English -- 2.1.1 Homogeneity and evolving notions of Standard CanE -- 2.1.2 The 'standard' in reference works -- 2.1.3 Regional Canadian Englishes -- 2.2 Research on Canadian English prior to 1954 -- 2.3 A survey of linguistic studies on CanE -- 2.3.1 Lexis -- 2.3.2 Phonetics and Phonology -- 2.3.2.1 Canadian Raising -- 2.3.2.2 Canadian Shift -- 2.3.2.3 Regional surveys -- 2.3.2.3.1 Early linguistic atlas data -- 2.3.2.3.2 British Columbia -- 2.3.2.3.3 The Canadian Prairie: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba -- 2.3.2.3.4 Ontario -- 2.3.2.3.5 Quebec -- 2.3.2.3.6 Maritimes - New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia -- 2.3.2.3.7 Newfoundland (and Labrador) -- 2.3.2.4 The Dialect Topography of Canada Project -- 2.3.3 Morphology and syntax -- 2.3.3.1 Disparate morphosyntactic variables -- 2.3.3.2 Syntax and ethnic minorities of CanE -- 2.3.4 Language attitudes, pragmatics and bilingualism -- 2.3.4.1 Language attitudes -- 2.3.4.2 Pragmatics 'proper' -- 2.3.4.3 Bilingualism: code-switching -- 2.4 Summary of synchronic research on CanE -- 2.5 The shortage of diachronic studies on Canadian English -- 2.5.1 Apparent-time and real-time studies -- 2.5.2 Diachronic studies on Ontario English -- 2.5.3 Summary -- 3 ONTARIO 1776-1850: AN EXTERNAL LANGUAGE HISTORY -- 3.1 Preliminaries: settlement in waves -- 3.2 The first wave: American immigration. 327 $a3.2.1 Demographic input until 1812 -- 3.2.1.1 American input -- 3.2.1.2 German speakers -- 3.2.1.3 Scottish Gaelic speakers and Scots speakers -- 3.2.1.4 The Irish before 1815 -- 3.2.1.5 French speakers -- 3.2.1.6 Dutch settlers -- 3.2.1.7 Loyalist First Nations -- 3.2.1.8 Other immigrant groups -- 3.2.2 The size of the population in 1812 -- 3.3 The second wave -- 3.3.1 Disentangling dialects: Scottish, Irish and regional English English -- 3.3.1.2 Scottish immigrants: Gaelic, Scots and Scottish English -- 3.3.1.3 Irish immigration -- 3.3.1.4 Post-1815 American immigration -- 3.3.1.5 German immigration -- 3.3.1.6 Other immigrant groups -- 3.3.2 Social stratification of second wave immigrants -- 3.3.3 Benchmarks of Early Ontarian society -- 3.3.3.1 Schools and education -- 3.3.3.2 Demographic developments and mobility before the railway -- 3.4 Summary -- 4 THE CORPUS OF EARLY ONTARIO ENGLISH, PRE-CONFEDERATION SECTION (CONTE-pC) -- 4.1 External periodization -- 4.2 Internal period division -- 4.3 What makes a text Ontarian? -- 4.3.1 Geographical considerations -- 4.3.2 Questions of allegiance -- 4.3.2.1 Anne Powell -- 4.3.2.2 Eleanora Hallen -- 4.3.3 Summary -- 4.4 Corpus design -- 4.4.1 Source materials: genres selected -- 4.4.2 Social stratification -- 4.4.3 SIN speakers -- 4.4.4 Corpus size and sampling -- 4.5 Text samples -- 4.5.1 Local Ontario newspapers -- 4.5.2 Diaries -- 4.5.3 Letters: the 'letters received' at the Archives of Ontario -- 4.6 Coding and text headers -- 5 NEW-DIALECT FORMATION IN EARLY ONTARIO -- 5.1 Two scenarios for the origin of CanE -- 5.1.1 Bloomfield (1948) -- 5.1.2 Scargill (1957) and (1985) -- 5.2 Polygenetic theories of colonial Englishes -- 5.2.1 Notions of swamping -- 5.2.2 Dialect mixing proper -- 5.2.2.1 Founder principle -- 5.2.2.2 Colonial lag -- 5.2.3 Dialect mixing in early Ontario. 327 $a5.3 New-dialect formation theory (Trudgill 2004) -- 5.3.1 Tabula rasa situations -- 5.3.2 Some other models -- 5.3.3 Six key processes -- 5.3.4 Three stages in new-dialect formation -- 5.3.4.1 Stage I: when adults accommodate -- 5.3.4.2 Stage II: Children select -- 5.3.4.3 Stage III: The majority principle -- 5.3.4.4 Focussing -- 5.3.5 Homogeneity and drift in CanE -- 5.3.6 Some problems of applying new-dialect formation theory -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 LATE MODERN ENGLISH MODAL AUXILIARIES: METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 6.1 Definitions and terminology -- 6.1.1 Formal characteristics -- 6.1.2 Modality: root, deontic, dynamic, epistemic and other concepts -- 6.1.3 Epistemic uses since LModE: increase, stagnation or decline? -- 6.2 Semantic areas: choosing variables -- 6.2.1 Permission, ability and possibility: CAN/COULD and MAY/MIGHT -- 6.2.2 Obligation and necessity: MUST and HAVE TO -- 6.2.3 Volition and futurity: SHALL and WILL -- 6.2.4 SHOULD, WOULD and OUGHT TO -- 6.3 Methodological considerations -- 6.3.1 Comparing distributions: the parallel corpora -- 6.3.2 Methodological caveat I: the letter sections -- 6.3.3 Methodological caveat II: how to trace historical connections -- 7 CAN (COULD) vs. MAY (MIGHT) -- 7.1 A diachronic sketch of CAN and MAY -- 7.2 Sentence types -- 7.2.1 Overall development in EModE and LModE -- 7.3 Semantic notions of CAN and MAY -- 7.3.1 Overall figures: distribution of functions -- 7.3.2 CAN in Root possibility and Permission uses -- 7.3.3 CAN in 25-year periods -- 7.3.4 CAN vs. MAY and the three stages of new-dialect formation -- 7.3.4.1 Middle vs. Lower Class speakers -- 7.3.4.2 Different levels of development and a new stage I -- 7.3.4.3 CONTE-pC and Trudgill (2004) -- 7.3.5 Long-term developments of epistemic and root uses -- 7.3.6 Summary -- 7.4 Functions of COULD and MIGHT -- 7.4.1 Negative contexts. 327 $a7.4.2 Affirmative contexts -- 7.4.3 COULD and MIGHT and the three stages of new-dialect formation -- 7.5 COULD and MIGHT: epistemic developments -- 7.6 Conclusion -- 8 MUST vs. HAVE TO -- 8.1 The variables MUST and competing semi-modals -- 8.1.1 HAVE TO -- 8.1.2 Controlling the variable contexts -- 8.2 The rise of HAVE TO -- 8.3 The modalities of MUST and HAVE TO -- 8.3.1 Development of LModE epistemic MUST -- 8.3.2 Coding for epistemic necessity: LModE competition -- 8.3.3 Epistemic and root uses: longterm perspective -- 8.4 Three stages of new-dialect formation and the rise of HAVE TO -- 8.5 Summary -- 9 SHALL vs. WILL -- 9.1 The prescriptive rule and previous research -- 9.2 SHALL and WILL -- 9.2.1 Semantic notions and the variable context -- 9.2.2 Data selection -- 9.2.3 SHALL and WILL and the choice of independent variables -- 9.2.3.1 Genre (text type) -- 9.2.3.2 Sentence type -- 9.2.4 SHALL and WILL in the first person -- 9.2.4.1 Diachronic development -- 9.2.4.2 SIN-speakers -- 9.2.4.3 Social class -- 9.2.4.4 SHALL and WILL and the three stages -- 9.2.5 SHALL and WILL in the second and third persons -- 9.2.5.1 Type of subject -- 9.2.5.2 Voice -- 9.2.5.3 The three stages -- 9.2.6 Summary -- 10 SHOULD, WOULD and OUGHT TO -- 10.1 The variable context -- 10.1.1 LModE variants -- 10.1.2 Semantic notions -- 10.2 Hypothetical SHOULD and WOULD -- 10.3 Non-hypothetical OUGHT TO, SHOULD and WOULD -- 10.3.1 LModE diachronic development in non-hypotheticals -- 10.3.2 Hypotheticals and non-hypotheticals in the three stages -- 10.4 Epistemic modality in early CanE -- 10.4.1 OUGHT TO -- 10.4.2 WOULD -- 10.4.3 SHOULD -- 10.5 Summary -- 11 CONCLUSION -- 11.1 The modals in early Canadian English -- 11.2 Epistemicity and late-modern CanE -- 11.3 Colonial lag and the founder principle -- 11.4 M. Bloomfield (1948) or Scargill (1957,1985). 327 $a11.5 The modal auxiliaries and the three stages of new-dialect formation -- 11.6 Dating Canadian English: focussing -- 11.7 Further research avenues -- 12 APPENDICES -- Appendix 1: Corpus of Early Ontario English -- Appendix 2: Ontario names -- Appendix 3: Immigration data -- Appendix 3.1: British Isles immigration -- Appendix 3.2: Arrivals at Quebec -- Appendix 3.3: First land surveys -- Appendix 3.4: Ontario districts -- Appendix 4: Demographic studies around 1812 -- Appendix 5: Social networks in early Ontario -- Appendix 6: Semi-Modals in early CanE -- Appendix 7: Statistics for CAN (COULD) / MAY (MIGHT) -- Appendix 7.1 -- Appendix 7.2 -- Appendix 7.3 -- Appendix 7.4 -- Appendix 7.5 -- Appendix 7.6 -- Appendix 7.7 -- Appendix 7.8 -- Appendix 7.9 -- Appendix 7.10 -- Appendix 7.11 -- Appendix 8: Statistics for MUST / HAVE TO -- Appendix 8.1 -- Appendix 8.2 -- Appendix 8.3 -- Appendix 8.4 -- Appendix 9: Statistics for SHALL / WILL -- Appendix 9.1 -- Appendix 9.2 -- Appendix 9.3 -- Appendix 10: Statistics for SHOULD / WOULD / OUGHT TO -- Appendix 10.1 -- Appendix 10.2 -- Appendix 10.3 -- Appendix 10.4 -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- General Index -- The series Studies in Language Companion Series. 330 $aThis book details the development of eleven modal auxiliaries in late 18th- and 19th-century Canadian English in a framework of new-dialect formation. The study assesses features of the modal auxiliaries, tracing influences to British and American input varieties, parallel developments, or Canadian innovations. The findings are based on the Corpus of Early Ontario English, pre-Confederation Section, the first electronic corpus of early Canadian English. The data, which are drawn from newspapers, diaries and letters, include original transcriptions from manuscript sources and texts from semi-literate writers. While the overall results are generally coherent with new-dialect formation theory, the Ontarian context suggests a number of adaptations to the current model. In addition to its general Late Modern English focus, New-Dialect Formation in Canada traces changes in epistemic modal functions up to the present day, offering answers to the loss of root uses in the central modals. By comparing Canadian with British and American data, important theoretical insights on the origins of the variety are gained. 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