LEADER 05961nam 2200769 450 001 9910463407403321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a90-272-6879-7 035 $a(CKB)2670000000587970 035 $a(EBL)1901820 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001402588 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12556603 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001402588 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11359582 035 $a(PQKB)11289696 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)16048514 035 $a(PQKB)21148120 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1901820 035 $a(DLC) 2014049601 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1901820 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11001121 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL682812 035 $a(OCoLC)898717526 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000587970 100 $a20150115h20142014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aNorms and usage in language history, 1600-1900 $ea sociolinguistic and comparative perspective /$fedited by Gijsbert Rutten, Rik Vosters, Wim Vandenbussche 210 1$aAmsterdam, Netherlands ;$aPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania :$cJohn Benjamins Publishing Company,$d2014. 210 4$dİ2014 215 $a1 online resource (342 p.) 225 1 $aAdvances in Historical Sociolinguistics 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a90-272-0082-3 311 $a1-322-51530-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aNorms and Usage in Language History, 1600-1900; Editorial page; Title page; LCC data; Table of contents; Acknowledgements; The interplay of language norms and usage patterns; 1. Introduction; 2. Overview of the contributions; 3. Phased standardization and diaglossia; 3.1 Target groups and nationalization; 3.2 Standard language ideology; 3.3 Sources; 3.4 Supralocalization; 3.5 Diaglossia and diglossia; References; Language norms and language use in seventeenth-century Dutch: Negation and the genitive; 1. Introduction; 2. Texts and corpora; 3. The normative tradition; 4. Case study 1: Negation 327 $a4.1 Negation in the history of Dutch4.2 Results; 5. Case study 2: Genitival constructions; 5.1 The genitive case and deflection; 5.2 Results; 6. Discussion and conclusions; Websites; References; Language norms and language use in eighteenth-century Dutch: Final n and the genitive; 1. Introduction; 2. Texts and corpora; 3. Language norms; 4. Case study 1: n-deletion; 4.1 Deletion of final n in Dutch; 4.2 Results; 5. Case study 2: Genitival constructions; 5.1 The genitive case and deflection; 5.2 Results; 6. Discussion and conclusions; Websites; References 327 $aNorms and usage in nineteenth-century Southern Dutch1. Introduction; 2. Prescriptivism and explicit language norms; 2.1 North; 2.2 South; 2.2.1 Early eighteenth century; 2.2.2 Later eighteenth century; 2.2.3 United Kingdom of the Netherlands; 3. Three case studies; 4. Prescriptions and typical usage in normative works; 4.1 Long A; 4.2 Verbal endings; 4.3 E + R clusters; 4.4 Overview; 5. Usage in a corpus of early nineteenth-century manuscripts; 6. Discussion: Norms and usage; 7. Conclusion; References; Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English; 1. Introduction 327 $a1.1 Language regulation and speaker agency1.2 Vernacularization; 1.3 Accessing actual usage and targeting norms; 2. Attitudes to varieties and normative regulation; 2.1 Views on varieties; 2.2 Proposals for normative regulation; 3. Emergent norms in the seventeenth century; 3.1 Spelling; 3.2 Lexis; 3.3 Literary language; 4. Sources for the study of seventeenth-century usage; 4.1 Dictionaries and lexicons; 4.2 Contemporary grammars; 4.3 Corpora and databases; 5. Comparing norms and usage; 5.1 Spelling; 5.2 Vocabulary; 5.3 Grammar; 6. Conclusion; Appendix: Corpora and databases; References 327 $aEighteenth-century English normative grammars and their readers1. Introduction; 2. The subscribers to Postlethwaite's grammar; 3. Postlethwaite and Lowth's grammar; 4. From grammars to usage guides; 4. Conclusion; References; Nineteenth-century English; 1. Introduction; 2. Grammar writing in nineteenth-century England; 3. Schooling in nineteenth-century England; 4. Nineteenth-century language usage; 5. Concluding remarks; Corpora and databases; References; From l'usage to le bon usage and back; 1. Introduction; 1.1 Codification and prescription in seventeenth-century France 327 $a1.2 The socio-cultural context 330 $aThe nineteenth century has attracted considerable interest in German historical (socio)linguistics over the last twenty-five years, as it is considered to be the century in which the 'roots' of present-day German can be found. A great deal of the research literature has been devoted to the rise of standard German. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between norms and usage. In order to gain an understanding of their complex relationship, this chapter will first look at socio-historical developments and language ideologies which can be seen as crucial for the external language hi 410 0$aAdvances in historical sociolinguistics. 606 $aLanguage and languages$xUsage$xHistory 606 $aLinguistic change$xSocial aspects$xHistory 606 $aLinguistics$xHistoriography 606 $aSociolinguistics$xHistory 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aLanguage and languages$xUsage$xHistory. 615 0$aLinguistic change$xSocial aspects$xHistory. 615 0$aLinguistics$xHistoriography. 615 0$aSociolinguistics$xHistory. 676 $a418.009 702 $aRutten$b Gijsbert Johan$f1977- 702 $aVosters$b Rik 702 $aVandenbussche$b Wim 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910463407403321 996 $aNorms and usage in language history, 1600-1900$92026764 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05187nam 2200637 a 450 001 9910830551103321 005 20170815122422.0 010 $a1-280-26487-X 010 $a9786610264872 010 $a0-470-25207-3 010 $a0-471-47934-9 010 $a0-471-47935-7 035 $a(CKB)1000000000019043 035 $a(EBL)214320 035 $a(OCoLC)224084241 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000264519 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11217817 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000264519 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10291011 035 $a(PQKB)11344572 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC214320 035 $a(PPN)150783876 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000019043 100 $a20040218d2004 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aUnderstanding mass spectra$b[electronic resource] $ea basic approach /$fR. Martin Smith 205 $a2nd ed. 210 $aHoboken, N.J. $cWiley Interscience$dc2004 215 $a1 online resource (394 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-471-42949-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aUNDERSTANDING MASS SPECTRA Second Edition; CONTENTS; Preface to the Second Edition; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations and Notations Used in This Book; 1 Instrumentation; 1.1. Introduction; 1.1.1. Overview; 1.1.2. Sample Introduction; 1.2. Ionization Source; 1.2.1. Electron Ionization Source; 1.2.2. Chemical Ionization; 1.2.3. Other Ionization Methods; 1.2.3.1. Electrospray Ionization; 1.2.3.2. Desorption Ionization; 1.3. m/z Analysis; 1.3.1. Time-of-Flight (TOF); 1.3.2. Magnetic Sector; 1.3.3. Transmission Quadrupole; 1.3.3.1. Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM); 1.3.4. Quadrupole Ion Trap (QIT) 327 $a1.3.5. Other Types of Mass Analysis1.3.5.1. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry(MS/MS); 1.3.5.2. Accurate m/z Analysis; 1.3.6. Spectral Skewing; 1.4. Ion Detection; 1.4.1. Electron Multiplier; 1.4.2. Photomultiplier Detector; 1.5. Data System; 1.5.1. Instrument Tuning and Calibration; 1.5.2. The Mass Spectrum; 1.5.2.1. Production of the Mass Spectrum; 1.5.2.2. Terminology: Ions vs. Peaks; 1.5.3. Library Searches; 1.5.4. Using the Data System to Analyze GC/MS Data; 1.6. Criteria for Good-Quality Spectra; Additional Problems; Mass Spectrometric Resources on the Internet 327 $aReferences and Suggested Reading2 Elemental Composition from Peak Intensities; 2.1. Natural Isotopic Abundances; 2.1.1. Atomic and Molecular Mass; 2.1.2. Calculated Exact Masses and Mass Defects; 2.2. Determining Elemental Composition from Isotope Peak Intensities; 2.2.1. One or More Atoms of a Single Element; 2.2.1.1. Chlorine and Bromine; 2.2.1.2. Ion Designation and Nomenclature; 2.2.1.3. Probability Considerations with Multiple Numbers of Atoms; 2.2.1.4. Isotope Peak Intensity Ratios for Carbon-Containing Ions-The X + 1 Peak; 2.2.1.5. A, A + 1, and A + 2 Elements 327 $a2.2.1.6 Isotope Peak Intensity Ratios for Carbon-Containing Ions-The X + 2 Peak2.2.1.7. Overlapping Peak Clusters-Contributions from (13)C Only; 2.2.1.8. Silicon; 2.2.2. Complex Isotope Clusters; 2.2.2.1. Sulfur Dioxide; 2.2.2.2. Diazepam; 2.3. Obtaining Elemental Compositions from Isotope Peak Intensities; Examples; Additional Problems; References; 3 Ionization, Fragmentation, and Electron Accounting; 3.1. A Brief Review of Orbitals and Bonding; 3.2. Even- and Odd-Electron Species; 3.3. Site of Initial Ionization; 3.4. Types of Fragmentation; 3.5. The Nitrogen Rule 327 $a3.6. Energy Considerations in Fragmentation Processes3.6.1. Fragmentation Rates; 3.6.2. Metastable Ions; 3.6.3. Energy Diagrams; 3.6.4. Stevenson's Rule; Additional Examples; Problems; References; 4 Neutral Losses and Ion Series; 4.1. Neutral Losses; 4.1.1. Losses from the Molecular Ion; 4.1.2. Loss of Small Molecules from Aromatic Ions; 4.2. Low-Mass Ion Series; 4.2.1. n-Alkane Spectra; 4.2.2. Effect of Chain Branching on the Spectra of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons; 4.2.3. Ion Series for Nonaromatic Compounds; 4.2.4. Aromatic Ion Series; 4.2.5. Use of Ion Series: Mass Chromatograms 327 $aAdditional Problems 330 $aUnderstanding Mass Spectra: A Basic Approach, Second Edition combines coverage of the principles underlying mass spectral analysis with clear guidelines on how to apply them in a laboratory setting. Completely revised from the first edition, an updated and unified approach to mass spectral interpretation emphasizes the application of basic principles from undergraduate organic, analytical, and physical chemistry courses.A detailed overview of theory and instrumentation, this useful guide contains step-by-step descriptions of interpretative strategies and convenient lists and tables detaili 606 $aMass spectrometry 615 0$aMass spectrometry. 676 $a543 676 $a543.0873 676 $a543/.0873 700 $aSmith$b R. Martin$0464414 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910830551103321 996 $aUnderstanding mass spectra$9192679 997 $aUNINA