LEADER 05199nam 2200613 450 001 9910830444703321 005 20230421045712.0 010 $a1-282-37175-4 010 $a9786612371752 010 $a1-4443-1391-6 010 $a1-4443-1390-8 035 $a(CKB)1000000000799388 035 $a(EBL)454449 035 $a(OCoLC)815645009 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000310927 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11242175 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000310927 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10314296 035 $a(PQKB)10368000 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC454449 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000799388 100 $a20160805h19941994 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aSystematics and the fossil record $edocumenting evolutionary patterns /$fAndrew B. Smith 210 1$aOxford, [England] :$cBlackwell Science,$d1994. 210 4$dİ1994 215 $a1 online resource (233 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-632-03642-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aSystematics and the fossil record: documenting evolutionary patterns; Contents; Preface; 1: Introduction; Methods for reconstructing evolutionary patterns; The taxic approach; Cladistics and the phylogenetic approach; Palaeontological data and evolutionary trees; Species, taxa, and macroevolution; 2: Species in the fossil record; Species concepts; Process-related definitions; Pattern-based definitions; Species in palaeontology; Are species different from other taxa?; How phena are recognized; Examples in practice; Samples from a single locality/horizon; Phena within a single evolving lineage 327 $aSexual dimorphism in ammonitesSummary; 3: Parsimony, phylogenetic analysis, and fossils; The cladistic revolution; Characters in phylogenetic analyses; Homology; Choosing and defining characters; Types of characters; Should characters be weighted a priori?; Missing data; Presentation; Cladograms and their construction; Numerical methods; Evaluating the information content of cladograms; Testing the support for individual branches; Multiple equally parsimonious solutions; Rooting and character polarization; Fossils and cladogram rooting; Fossils and phylogenetic reconstruction 327 $aThe failure of palaeontological methods in phylogeny reconstructionEmpirical tests showing the importance of fossils; Total evidence as the most stringent test of homology; Simulation studies; Why fossils are important; Summary; 4: Higher taxa; Why higher taxa are needed in evolutionary studies; The construction of higher taxa; Monophyletic taxa; Paraphyletic taxa; Polyphyletic taxa; Monotypic taxa; What defines a taxon?; Status of our current taxonomic database; Higher taxa and evolutionary patterns; Higher taxa as meaningful biological entities; A case study: paraphyly and rudists 327 $aNon-monophyletic taxa as samples of phenaClassification and rank; Attributes of rank; Cladistic classifications and the problem of fossils; Macroevolution and emergent characters of higher taxa; Macroevolutionary processes: essential requirements; A case study: onshore origination of higher taxa; Summary; 5: The nature of biostratigraphic data; Biases affecting taxonomic ranges; Factors intrinsic to taxa; Factors extrinsic to taxa; Estimating absolute taxonomic ranges; Quantitative biostratigraphic correlation; Confidence intervals on taxon ranges 327 $aTaxonomic ranges: do they provide a test of phylogenetic hypotheses?Summary; 6: The construction of evolutionary trees; Trees, cladograms, and ancestors; The concept of ancestry; A pragmatic approach to ancestry; How phylogenetic trees are constructed; When all phena are demonstrably monophyletic; When there are plesiomorphic phena; Unresolved trichotomies; Pitfalls to be avoided; Range extensions, Lazarus taxa, pseudoextinction, and ghost lineages; Using phylogenetic trees to estimate absolute taxonomic ranges; Examples of phylogenetic tree construction in practice; Arbacioid echinoids 327 $aAsaphine trilobites 330 $aThis new text sets out to establish the key role played by systematics in deciphering patterns of evolution from the fossil record. It begins by considering the nature of the species in the fossil record and then outlines recent advances in the methodology used to establish phylogenetics relationships, stressing why fossil evidence can be crucial. The way species are grouped into higher taxa, and how this affects their utility in evolutionary studies is also discussed. Because the fossil record abounds with sampling and preservational biases, the book emphasizes that observed patterns can rare 606 $aEvolutionary paleobiology 606 $aCladistic analysis 615 0$aEvolutionary paleobiology. 615 0$aCladistic analysis. 676 $a560 700 $aSmith$b Andrew B.$0729018 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910830444703321 996 $aSystematics and the fossil record$91428304 997 $aUNINA