LEADER 05192nam 2200625Ia 450 001 9910830126803321 005 20170816123216.0 010 $a1-280-52083-3 010 $a9786610520831 010 $a3-527-60599-1 010 $a3-527-60595-9 035 $a(CKB)1000000000377380 035 $a(EBL)482251 035 $a(OCoLC)69157440 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000158396 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11155961 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000158396 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10144906 035 $a(PQKB)10034391 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC482251 035 $a(PPN)167456334 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000377380 100 $a20041112d2004 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aFrequency standards$b[electronic resource] $ebasics and applications /$fFritz Riehle 210 $aWeinheim $cWiley-VCH$dc2004 215 $a1 online resource (542 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a3-527-40230-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [465]-520) and index. 327 $aFrequency Standards Basics and Applications; Contents; Preface; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Features of Frequency Standards and Clocks; 1.2 Historical Perspective of Clocks and Frequency Standards; 1.2.1 Nature's Clocks; 1.2.2 Man-made Clocks and Frequency Standards; 2 Basics of Frequency Standards; 2.1 Mathematical Description of Oscillations; 2.1.1 Ideal and Real Harmonic Oscillators; 2.1.2 Amplitude Modulation; 2.1.3 Phase Modulation; 2.2 Oscillator with Feedback; 2.3 Frequency Stabilisation; 2.3.1 Model of a Servo Loop; 2.3.2 Generation of an Error Signal; 2.4 Electronic Servo Systems 327 $a2.4.1 Components2.4.2 Example of an Electronic Servo System; 3 Characterisation of Amplitude and Frequency Noise; 3.1 Time-domain Description of Frequency Fluctuations; 3.1.1 Allan Variance; 3.1.2 Correlated Fluctuations; 3.2 Fourier-domain Description of Frequency Fluctuations; 3.3 Conversion from Fourier-frequency Domain to Time Domain; 3.4 From Fourier-frequency to Carrier-frequency Domain; 3.4.1 Power Spectrum of a Source with White Frequency Noise; 3.4.2 Spectrum of a Diode Laser; 3.4.3 Low-noise Spectrum of a Source with White Phase Noise; 3.5 Measurement Techniques 327 $a3.5.1 Heterodyne Measurements of Frequency3.5.2 Self-heterodyning; 3.5.3 Aliasing; 3.6 Frequency Stabilization with a Noisy Signal; 3.6.1 Degradation of the Frequency Stability Due to Aliasing; 4 Macroscopic Frequency References; 4.1 Piezoelectric Crystal Frequency References; 4.1.1 Basic Properties of Piezoelectric Materials; 4.1.2 Mechanical Resonances; 4.1.3 Equivalent Circuit; 4.1.4 Stability and Accuracy of Quartz Oscillators; 4.2 Microwave Cavity Resonators; 4.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Equations; 4.2.2 Electromagnetic Fields in Cylindrical Wave Guides; 4.2.3 Cylindrical Cavity Resonators 327 $a4.2.4 Losses due to Finite Conductivity4.2.5 Dielectric Resonators; 4.3 Optical Resonators; 4.3.1 Reflection and Transmission at the Fabry-Pe?rot Interferometer; 4.3.2 Radial Modes; 4.3.3 Microsphere Resonators; 4.4 Stability of Resonators; 5 Atomic and Molecular Frequency References; 5.1 Energy Levels of Atoms; 5.1.1 Single-electron Atoms; 5.1.2 Multi-electron Systems; 5.2 Energy States of Molecules; 5.2.1 Ro-vibronic Structure; 5.2.2 Optical Transitions in Molecular Iodine; 5.2.3 Optical Transitions in Acetylene; 5.2.4 Other Molecular Absorbers 327 $a5.3 Interaction of Simple Quantum Systems with Electromagnetic Radiation5.3.1 The Two-level System; 5.3.2 Optical Bloch Equations; 5.3.3 Three-level Systems; 5.4 Line Shifts and Line Broadening; 5.4.1 Interaction Time Broadening; 5.4.2 Doppler Effect and Recoil Effect; 5.4.3 Saturation Broadening; 5.4.4 Collisional Shift and Collisional Broadening; 5.4.5 Influence of External Fields; 5.4.6 Line Shifts and Uncertainty of a Frequency Standard; 6 Preparation and Interrogation of Atoms and Molecules; 6.1 Storage of Atoms and Molecules in a Cell; 6.2 Collimated Atomic and Molecular Beams 327 $a6.3 Cooling 330 $aOf all measurement units, frequency is the one that may be determined with the highest degree of accuracy. It equally allows precise measurements of other physical and technical quantities, whenever they can be measured in terms of frequency.This volume covers the central methods and techniques relevant for frequency standards developed in physics, electronics, quantum electronics, and statistics. After a review of the basic principles, the book looks at the realisation of commonly used components. It then continues with the description and characterisation of important frequency standards 606 $aFrequency standards 606 $aStandards, Engineering 615 0$aFrequency standards. 615 0$aStandards, Engineering. 676 $a529.750971 676 $a621.3815363 700 $aRiehle$b Fritz$01637526 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910830126803321 996 $aFrequency standards$93979396 997 $aUNINA