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200 10$aPreventing the forward contamination of Europa$b[electronic resource] /$fTask Group on the Forward Contamination of Europa, Space Studies Board, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council
210   $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$dc2000
215   $a1 online resource (53 p.)
300   $a"Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 96013 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration"--P. [ii].
311   $a0-309-57554-0 
320   $aIncludes bibliographical references.
327   $a""Preventing the Forward Contamination of Europa""; ""Copyright""; ""Foreword""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""Executive Summary""; ""1 Planetary Protection Policies""; ""HISTORY""; ""PROTECTING MARS""; ""BOX 1.1 VIKINGa???S APPROACH TO BIOLOAD REDUCTION""; ""Presterilization""; ""Sterilization""; ""REFERENCES""; ""2 Europa""; ""EUROPA EXPLORATION STRATEGY""; ""EUROPAa???S RADIATION ENVIRONMENT""; ""REFERENCES""; ""3 Life in Extreme Environments""; ""EXTREMOPHILES""; ""EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS""; ""REFERENCES""; ""4 Sterilization and Cleaning Methods""; ""CLEANING AND STERILIZATION STANDARDS""
327   $a""ACHIEVING THE STANDARDS""""BOX 4.1 CURRENT CLEAN-ROOM PROCEDURES""; ""REFERENCE""; ""5 Microbial Detection and Identification""; ""REFERENCES""; ""6 Recommended Planetary Protection Strategy for Europa""; ""PLANETARY PROTECTION STRATEGY FOR EUROPA""; ""MAJORITY AND MINORITY VIEWPOINTS""; ""Applicability of the Current Planetary Protection Strategies to Europa""; ""Survival of Terrestrial Microbes on Europa""; ""CONCLUSIONS""; ""REFERENCES""; ""7 Conclusions and Recommendations""; ""Appendixes""; ""A Calculating the Probability of Contamination, Pc,""; ""A SAMPLE METHODOLOGY""
327   $a""Microbial Populations On Spacecraft""""F1a???Total Number of Cells Relative to Cultured Cells""; ""F2a???Bioburden Reduction Treatment""; ""F3a???Cruise Survival Fraction""; ""F4a???Radiation Survival""; ""F5a???Probability of Landing at an Active Site""; ""F6a???Burial Fraction""; ""F7a???Probability That an Organism Survives and Proliferates""; ""F7aa???Survivability of Exposure Environments""; ""F7ba???Availability of Nutrients""; ""F7ca???Suitability of Energy Sources""; ""F7da???Suitability for Active Growth""; ""Joint Probability for F7""; ""Conclusions from the Illustrative Calculation""
327   $a""REFERENCES""""B Glossary""
606   $aSpace vehicles$xSterilization
606   $aMicrobial contamination$zEuropa (Satellite)
607   $aEuropa (Satellite)
615  0$aSpace vehicles$xSterilization.
615  0$aMicrobial contamination
676   $a523.985
712 02$aUnited States.$bNational Aeronautics and Space Administration.
801  0$bMiAaPQ
801  1$bMiAaPQ
801  2$bMiAaPQ
906   $aBOOK
912   $a9910829040303321
996   $aPreventing the forward contamination of Europa$93935398
997   $aUNINA