LEADER 08465nam 2200649Ia 450 001 9910828094403321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-280-24717-7 010 $a9786610247172 010 $a0-309-55757-7 010 $a0-585-14469-9 035 $a(CKB)110986584750664 035 $a(OCoLC)44963267 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10068474 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000106287 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11138461 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000106287 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10106859 035 $a(PQKB)10896512 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3377233 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3377233 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10068474 035 $a(OCoLC)923269154 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584750664 100 $a19900910d1984 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aAsbestiform fibers $enonoccupational health risks /$fCommittee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1984 215 $a1 online resource (xvii, 334 pages) $cillustrations 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 0 $a0-309-07852-0 311 0 $a0-309-03446-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographies. 327 $aAsbestiform Fibers -- Copyright -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- ORIGIN OF THE STUDY -- MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Evaluation of Risk -- Physicochemical Properties and Health Effects -- Recommendations -- SUMMARY OF THE STUDY -- Background -- Materials of Concern -- Relationship of Fiber Characteristics to Health Effects -- Measurement and Extent of Exposure -- Health Effects Methodology -- Health Effects of Asbestos -- Health Effects of Nonasbestos Asbestiform Fibers -- Evidence Associating Fiber Properties with Adverse Health Effects -- Risk Assessments -- 1 Introduction -- CONCURRENT NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ASBESTOS -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH -- REFERENCES -- 2 Asbestiform Fibers: Historical Background, Terminology, and Physicochemical Properties -- ASBESTOS IN HISTORY -- MINERALOGICAL TERMINOLOGY -- SOURCES OF MINERAL PARTICLES -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTIFORM FIBERS -- Fiberlike Morphology -- Enhanced Strength and Flexibility -- Diameter-Dependent Strength -- Increased Physical and Chemical Durability -- Defect-Free Surface Structure -- Growth-Dependent Fiber Quality -- BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- Respirability -- Size and Aspect Ratio (Length:Diameter) -- Durability -- Flexibility and Tensile Strength -- Chemical Composition -- Surface Area -- Surface Charge -- Standardized Asbestos Samples -- SUMMARY -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Assessing Nonoccupational Exposures to Asbestiform Fibers -- DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE -- ASBESTIFORM FIBERS AND THEIR SOURCES -- EXPOSURE POTENTIAL FOR ASBESTOS -- Types of Exposure -- Quantitative Exposure Estimates -- EXPOSURE TO OTHER NATURAL MINERAL FIBERS -- Attapulgite -- Erionite -- EXPOSURE TO MAN-MADE FIBERS -- Man-Made Mineral Fibers -- Exposure to Other Man-Made Fibers. 327 $aSUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Measurement of Exposure to Asbestiform Fibers -- MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES -- MEASURING ASBESTOS DUST IN THE WORKPLACE -- The Impinger Technique -- The Membrane Filter Technique -- MEASURING ASBESTOS DUST IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT -- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIOUS EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT METHODS -- EXPOSURE TO CHRYSOTILE IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT -- COMPLICATING FACTORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSAYS -- FUTURE MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTIFORM FIBERS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Effects of Asbestiform Fibers on Human Health -- NATURE OF EVIDENCE -- BIODISPOSITION OF FIBERS -- Fiber Deposition -- Clearance and Transport -- CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED DISEASES -- Necessary Assumptions Used in Determining Health Effects -- Sensitivity and Specificity of Clinical Evidence -- General Diagnostic Measures -- DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH NONOCCUPATIONAL INHALATION EXPOSURES TO ASBESTIFORM FIBERS -- Asbestos Exposure from Household Contacts -- Neighborhood Exposure to Asbestos -- Natural Sources of Asbestiform Fibers -- Summary -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF EFFECTS RESULTING FROM THE INGESTION OF ASBESTOS IN DRINKING WATER -- OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES-METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- CANCER MORTALITY IN OCCUPATIONAL COHORTS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS -- Mining and Milling -- Manufacturing -- Insulation -- Shipyards -- Relative Carcinogenicity of Different Types of Asbestos -- Effects of Smoking -- Summary -- ASBESTOSIS AND ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED PLEURAL DISEASE IN OCCUPATIONAL COHORTS -- Mortality Studies -- Morbidity Studies -- Summary -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAN-MADE MINERAL FIBERS12 -- Morbidity -- Mortality -- Summary -- ADDITIONAL OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES -- Attapulgite -- Talc -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES. 327 $a6 Laboratory Studies of the Effects of Asbestiform Fibers -- STUDIES IN ANIMALS -- Lung Cancer -- Mesothelioma -- Fibrosis -- Events in the Gastrointestinal Tract After Exposure to Asbestos -- IN VITRO STUDIES -- Hemolytic Assays -- Cytotoxicity Studies -- Alterations in Cells of the Immune System After Exposure to Asbestiform Fibers -- Effects on Fibroblasts In Vitro -- INITIATION-PROMOTION MODEL OF CARCINOGENESIS -- Interaction of Asbestiform Fibers with DNA -- Tumor Promotion -- In Vitro Studies with Mesothelial Cells -- Interactions Between Fibers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- CONCLUSIONS -- Asbestiform Fibers: Initiators and/or Promoters of Lung Tumors? -- Asbestiform Fibers: Initiators and/or Promoters of Malignant Mesothelioma? -- Asbestiform Fibers: Possible Mechanisms of Fibrosis -- SUMMARY -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Risk Assessment -- THE PROCESS OF RISK ASSESSMENT -- QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT -- Mathematical Model For Carcinogenic Risk Estimate -- PUBLISHED RISK ASSESSMENTS -- Lung Cancer Risk from Nonoccupational Environmental Exposures -- Mesothelioma Risk from Nonoccupational Environmental Exposures -- QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NONOCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES -- Lifetime Risk Estimates For Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma -- Risk Assessments For Special Subpopulations -- COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT -- Methods -- General Methodological Considerations -- Scoring Considerations -- Discussion of Comparative Risks -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Asbestos Exposure and Human Disease. Hallmark Observations and Studies From 1898 to 1979 -- REFERENCES -- Appendix B Natural and Synthetic Fibrous Substances and Some of their Known Biological Effects -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C Fiber-Quality Parameters of Selected Asbestos, Whisker, and Glass Fibers. 327 $aSIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIBER-QUALITY PARAMETERS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D Conceptual Model of Fiber Exposure -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix E Epidemiological Studies Among Cohorts Exposed To Asbestos -- Appendix F Effects of Administering Asbestiform Fibers to Animals -- Appendix G Development of Some Equations Used for Quantitative Risk Assessment -- REFERENCE -- Appendix H Comparative Risk Assessment Score Sheets -- EXPOSURE -- BIODISPOSITION -- EFFECTS -- Appendix I Background Information on Members of the Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers. 330 $aMore than 30 million tons of asbestos used in the United States since 1900 is present as insulation in offices and schools, as vinyl-asbestos flooring in homes, and in other common products. This volume presents an evaluation of the relation of these fibers to specific diseases and the extent of non-occupational risks associated with them. 606 $aAsbestos fibers$xToxicology 606 $aAsbestos fibers$xEnvironmental aspects 606 $aRisk management 615 0$aAsbestos fibers$xToxicology. 615 0$aAsbestos fibers$xEnvironmental aspects. 615 0$aRisk management. 676 $a363.1/79 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910828094403321 996 $aAsbestiform fibers$94011797 997 $aUNINA